Religion: Unit 3

1. Religion: Unit 3 Clay Slentz and Duangrat Rojanasthien

2. Europe Protestant and Catholic reformations Martin Luther • challenged catholic beliefs. He taught that salvation could be attained by faith alone • Luther won support in Germany, where papal authority was resented. • The Lutherans emerged when German princes secured church lands Henry VIII • established the Anglican Church in England Jean Calvin • In France, presented the idea of predestination • Calvin’s missionaries were successful in France • Priests as moral guiders • Local believers participate in church administration • Education to read Bible

3. Europe cont… Catholic Reforms The Council of Trent, 1545-1563 • Directed reform of Roman Catholic Church • Attacked corruption • Reaffirmed tradition, Bible as co-equal Series of religious wars between Protestants and Catholics during 16TH century Religious Wars • Germany – Thirty Years War – 1618 German Protestants vs. Holy Roman Emperor • English Civil War – 1640s Effects of Religious Wars • Limited acceptance of religious pluralism • Shift in power – France, England, Netherlands up, Spain/Italy down • Philosophical changes • 1. Less connection between God and nature • 2. Focus on family life – love husband/woman

4. Russia Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars. • First step – Break free from Mongol control • Ivan III (Ivan the Great), utilized support for and claimed supervision of all Orthodox Churches. Alexis Romanov’s new powers • Abolished noble assemblies • State control of Orthdox faith – get rid of superstitions of Mongol era • Exiled to Sibera – Old Believers

5. Latin America Role of the Church • Religion and the Catholic Church were closely linked to the state. • Established churches in towns/villages • Set up missions in frontier areas • Recording and analysis of Indian culture – for conversion purposes • Later, state appointed archbishops – subsequently, allegiance Impact of the Church • Stimulated architects with church/cathedral building • printing presses high percentage of religious books • Schools run by clergy, universities – law and theology • Tribunal of Inquisition to judge heretics

6. Africa • The growth of slavery saw a new wave of Islamization in western Africa • The African states were well known for their religious diversity -The Bambara of Segu were pagan -The Hausa States were ruled by Muslims, but most of the people followed individual African polytheistic religions • Another wave of Muslim reform movements swept through the west in the 1770’s • Muslim leaders, such as Uthman Dan Fodio, led uprisings that eventually gained political control as well

7. Muslim Empires • The three Muslim empires were diverse in many ways. The Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslim peoples, the Safavids mostly Muslims, and the Ottomans a mixture of Muslims and Christians. Ottoman • Muslim, Christian, and Jewish merchants were important to the success of the ottoman economy. The Jews and the Christians (people of the book) were often satisfied with their Muslim rulers Safavids • the Safavids were Shi’a Muslim and they did everything in their power to spread their belief • Sail al-Din fought to purify and spread Islam among the Turks • Loss at the Battle of Chaldiran against the Ottomans in 1514 blocked Shi’ism from expanding further westward. • The radical Shi’a ideology was eventually modified when Persian scholars were incorporated into the bureaucracy, but it still remained subject to the region for centuries.

8. Japan • Measures were taken to resist the influence of the Christian missionaries from the European nations • 1590’s- Christians were being persecuted and forced to leave • 1614- Christianity was officially banned • For the next century, Japan continued this trend of isolating themselves from foreign ideas • Neo-Confucian philosophy took hold around this time as well

9. China • The Chinese continued the trend of isolationism from foreign ideas • European Jesuits, such as Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall, were considered barbarians among the gentry and as a result, won few native converts • Even with these infiltrating foreign ideas, the Chinese remained true to their Confucian values throughout the upcoming centuries.

10. Changes • Europe • reformations and relgious wars led to the spilt of Protestants and Catholics. Matin Luther's 95 Theses has changed the way people feel about the Catholic Church and it also influenced and created reforms in other parts of Europe. • Asia • In Japan, people were no longer tolerant of western religions. The banning of Christianity has been made and missionaries could no longer enter Japan. People who have Christianity also were persecuted. In the Philipins, people are more willing to adapt a new religion. • Russia • Ivan III used to utilized support for the Orthodox Churches, but When Alexis Romanov rose to power, he tried to make the Orthodox Churches under the State control. • America • The Native Americans were forced to convert to Christianity and gave up their animalism faith. The churhes built in the Iberian society has changed and created great impact on education, law, and theology, since it encouraged the constructions of schools and universities. • Muslim Empires • The initial militant Shi’a ideology was changed as the Safavids drew Persian religious scholars into the bureaucracy. Religious teachers received state support, and teaching in mosque schools was supervised by religious officials.

11. Continuities • Asia • Buddism and Shinto remained as a important religion and beliefs in Japan. In most South East asian countries, except the Philipines, Islam and Hindu stayed as prominent religions. • Russia • Russia still wanted to break free from the Mongol's religious traditions and values, so it continued to try to get rid of superstitions of Mongol era such as by exiled Old Believers to Sibera. • America • The Catholic Church continued to be closely linked to the state throughout the 1400-1700s • Muslim Empires • When the power of the dynasty declined, religious leaders became more independent, but they continued to serve its rulers. • Africa • Since African culture was dynamic and creative, incorporating customs that assisted survival from different African ethnicities or from their masters. Religion demonstrates this theme. So African beliefs continued to mixe with Christianity, or even other religions

12. Compare and Contrast • Both Japan and China isolated themselves from the European viewpoint, especially when it came to Christianity, because they were secure with their own Confucian principles • In both Latin America and European nations, the church was often connected to the state. This is because Europe was the model for Latin America • Both Africa and the Ottoman empire were subject to religious diversity. This is because they were both to large in area to control religiously • Muslim groups in Africa were successful in converting the natives while Christians were unsuccessful in their conversion of Asia. The reason for this is that African native religions were much less organized and easier to overpower • The Safavids resorted to physical force to spread their religious ideology while the Europeans attempted this same task through words. The reason for this is that the Safavids were Shi’a Muslim, which is usually an aggressive militaristic ideology.