1 / 20

Chapter 1

Chapter 1. The Big Picture. Layers of a Computing System. 4. Early History of Computing. Abacus An early device to record numeric values Blaise Pascal Mechanical device to perform whole number addition and subtraction Gottfried von Leibniz Device to perform all four whole number

kiral
Download Presentation

Chapter 1

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 1 The Big Picture

  2. Layers of a Computing System 4

  3. Early History of Computing Abacus An early device to record numeric values Blaise Pascal Mechanical device to perform whole number addition and subtraction Gottfried von Leibniz Device to perform all four whole number operations 6

  4. Early History of Computing Joseph Jacquard Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card, not a computing device Charles Babbage Analytical Engine – 19th Century – never actually built because of the technical limitations of the time, but design includes important components of today’s computers – memory, cpu, input device for both data and instructions)

  5. Early History of Computing Ada Lovelace Daughter of Lord Byron – Skilled Mathematician -- First Programmer, the loop William Burroughs Mechanical adding machine Herman Hollerith Tabulator that read punched cards – used for tabulating census Company became IBM 7

  6. Early History of Computing Alan Turing Turing Machine – computing theory Artificial Intelligence Testing (an interrogator asks human and computer questions to determine who is who) Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC I Early computers launch new era in mathematics, physics, engineering and economics

  7. First Generation Hardware (1951-1959) Vacuum Tubes Large, not very reliable, generated a lot of heat Magnetic Drum Memory device that rotated under a read/write head Card Readers  Magnetic Tape Drives Sequential auxiliary storage devices 8

  8. Second Generation Hardware (1959-1965) Transistor Replaced vacuum tube, fast, small, durable, cheap Magnetic Cores Replaced magnetic drums, information available instantly Magnetic Disks Replaced magnetic tape, data can be accessed directly 9

  9. Third Generation Hardware (1965-1971) Integrated Circuits Replaced circuit boards, smaller, cheaper, faster, more reliable (Moore’s Law – no. of IC on a chip was doubling each year) Transistors Now used for memory construction Terminal An input/output device with a keyboard and screen 10

  10. Fourth Generation Hardware (1971-?) Large-scale Integration Great advances in chip technology Moore’s Law – chip density is doubling every 18 months PCs, the Commercial Market, Workstations Personal Computers and Workstations emerge New companies emerge: Apple, Sun, Dell … Moore’s Law Today ‘Computers will either double in power at the same price or halve in cost for the same power every 18 months’ 11

  11. Parallel Computing and Networking Parallel Computing Computers rely on interconnected central processing and/or memory units that increase processing speed Networking Ethernet connects small computers to share resources File servers connect PCs in the late 1980s ARPANET and LANs  Internet 12

  12. ARPANET

  13. First Generation Software (1951-1959) Systems programmers write the assembler (translator) Applications programmers use assembly language to solve problems

  14. Second Generation Software (1959-1965) High-level Languages English-like statements made programming easier: Fortran, COBOL, Lisp Systems programmers write translators for high-level languages Application programmers use high-level languages to solve problems 14

  15. Third Generation Software (1965-1971) 16

  16. Fourth Generation Software (1971-1989) Structured Programming Pascal C C++ GUIs New Application Software for Users Spreadsheets Word processors Database management systems 17

  17. Fifth Generation Software (1990- present) What do you think? courtesy, www.opte.org 18

  18. Computing as a Tool Programmer / User Systems Programmer (builds tools) Applications Programmer (uses tools) Domain-Specific Programs User with No Computer Background 20

  19. What are your thoughts? As our society has become more automated, it has become easier for governments to monitor the activities of their citizens. Is this a good thing or a bad thing?

  20. Problem Solving 2 2 3 1 2 2 12 8 ? 2 2 4 1 1 4 The arrangement of the numbers represents a pattern. This pattern is a mathematical relationship between the numbers in each square. Can you identify the pattern and replace the question mark?

More Related