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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. Oscillatory Motion April 17 th , 2006. The last steps …. If you need to, file your taxes TODAY! Due at midnight. This week Monday & Wednesday – Oscillations Friday – Review problems from earlier in the semester Next Week Monday – Complete review. The FINAL EXAM.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 Oscillatory Motion April 17th, 2006 Periodic Motion

  2. The last steps … • If you need to, file your taxes TODAY! • Due at midnight. • This week • Monday & Wednesday – Oscillations • Friday – Review problems from earlier in the semester • Next Week • Monday – Complete review. Periodic Motion

  3. The FINAL EXAM • Will contain 8-10 problems. One will probably be a collection of multiple choice questions. • Problems will be similar to WebAssign problems but only some of the actual WebAssign problems will be on the exam. • You have 3 hours for the examination. • SCHEDULE: MONDAY, MAY 1 @ 10:00 AM Periodic Motion

  4. Things that Bounce Around Periodic Motion

  5. The Simple Pendulum Periodic Motion

  6. The Spring Periodic Motion

  7. Periodic Motion • From our observations, the motion of these objects regularly repeats • The objects seem t0 return to a given position after a fixed time interval • A special kind of periodic motion occurs in mechanical systems when the force acting on the object is proportional to the position of the object relative to some equilibrium position • If the force is always directed toward the equilibrium position, the motion is called simple harmonic motion Periodic Motion

  8. The Spring … for a moment • Let’s consider its motion at each point. • What is it doing? • Position • Velocity • Acceleration Periodic Motion

  9. Motion of a Spring-Mass System • A block of mass m is attached to a spring, the block is free to move on a frictionless horizontal surface • When the spring is neither stretched nor compressed, the block is at the equilibrium position • x = 0 Periodic Motion

  10. More About Restoring Force • The block is displaced to the right of x = 0 • The position is positive • The restoring force is directed to the left Periodic Motion

  11. More About Restoring Force, 2 • The block is at the equilibrium position • x = 0 • The spring is neither stretched nor compressed • The force is 0 Periodic Motion

  12. More About Restoring Force, 3 • The block is displaced to the left of x = 0 • The position is negative • The restoring force is directed to the right Periodic Motion

  13. Acceleration, cont. • The acceleration is proportional to the displacement of the block • The direction of the acceleration is opposite the direction of the displacement from equilibrium • An object moves with simple harmonic motion whenever its acceleration is proportional to its position and is oppositely directed to the displacement from equilibrium Periodic Motion

  14. Acceleration, final • The acceleration is not constant • Therefore, the kinematic equations cannot be applied • If the block is released from some position x = A, then the initial acceleration is –kA/m • When the block passes through the equilibrium position, a = 0 • The block continues to x = -A where its acceleration is +kA/m Periodic Motion

  15. Motion of the Block • The block continues to oscillate between –A and +A • These are turning points of the motion • The force is conservative • In the absence of friction, the motion will continue forever • Real systems are generally subject to friction, so they do not actually oscillate forever Periodic Motion

  16. The Motion Periodic Motion

  17. Vertical Spring Equilibrium Point Periodic Motion

  18. Ye Olde Math Periodic Motion

  19. q is either the displacement of the spring (x) or the angle from equilibrium (q). • q is MAXIMUM at t=0 • q is PERIODIC, always returning to its starting position after some time T called the PERIOD. Periodic Motion

  20. Example – the Spring Periodic Motion

  21. Example – the Spring Periodic Motion

  22. Simple Harmonic Motion – Graphical Representation • A solution is x(t) = A cos (wt + f) • A, w, f are all constants • A cosine curve can be used to give physical significance to these constants Periodic Motion

  23. Simple Harmonic Motion – Definitions • A is the amplitude of the motion • This is the maximum position of the particle in either the positive or negative direction • w is called the angular frequency • Units are rad/s • f is the phase constant or the initial phase angle Periodic Motion

  24. Motion Equations for Simple Harmonic Motion • Remember, simple harmonic motion is not uniformly accelerated motion Periodic Motion

  25. Maximum Values of v and a • Because the sine and cosine functions oscillate between ±1, we can easily find the maximum values of velocity and acceleration for an object in SHM Periodic Motion

  26. Graphs • The graphs show: • (a) displacement as a function of time • (b) velocity as a function of time • (c ) acceleration as a function of time • The velocity is 90o out of phase with the displacement and the acceleration is 180o out of phase with the displacement Periodic Motion

  27. SHM Example 1 • Initial conditions at t = 0 are • x (0)= A • v (0) = 0 • This means f = 0 • The acceleration reaches extremes of ± w2A • The velocity reaches extremes of ± wA Periodic Motion

  28. SHM Example 2 • Initial conditions at t = 0 are • x (0)=0 • v (0) = vi • This means f = - p/2 • The graph is shifted one-quarter cycle to the right compared to the graph of x (0) = A Periodic Motion

  29. Energy of the SHM Oscillator • Assume a spring-mass system is moving on a frictionless surface • This tells us the total energy is constant • The kinetic energy can be found by • K = ½ mv 2 = ½ mw2A2 sin2 (wt + f) • The elastic potential energy can be found by • U = ½ kx 2 = ½ kA2 cos2 (wt + f) • The total energy is K + U = ½ kA 2 Periodic Motion

  30. Energy of the SHM Oscillator, cont • The total mechanical energy is constant • The total mechanical energy is proportional to the square of the amplitude • Energy is continuously being transferred between potential energy stored in the spring and the kinetic energy of the block Periodic Motion

  31. Energy of the SHM Oscillator, cont • As the motion continues, the exchange of energy also continues • Energy can be used to find the velocity Periodic Motion

  32. Energy in SHM, summary Periodic Motion

  33. SHM and Circular Motion • This is an overhead view of a device that shows the relationship between SHM and circular motion • As the ball rotates with constant angular velocity, its shadow moves back and forth in simple harmonic motion Periodic Motion

  34. SHM and Circular Motion, 2 • The circle is called a reference circle • Line OP makes an angle f with the x axis at t = 0 • Take P at t = 0 as the reference position Periodic Motion

  35. SHM and Circular Motion, 3 • The particle moves along the circle with constant angular velocity w • OP makes an angle q with the x axis • At some time, the angle between OP and the x axis will be q = wt + f Periodic Motion

  36. SHM and Circular Motion, 4 • The points P and Q always have the same x coordinate • x (t) = A cos (wt + f) • This shows that point Q moves with simple harmonic motion along the x axis • Point Q moves between the limits ±A Periodic Motion

  37. SHM and Circular Motion, 5 • The x component of the velocity of P equals the velocity of Q • These velocities are • v = -wA sin (wt + f) Periodic Motion

  38. SHM and Circular Motion, 6 • The acceleration of point P on the reference circle is directed radially inward • P ’s acceleration is a = w2A • The x component is –w2A cos (wt + f) • This is also the acceleration of point Q along the x axis Periodic Motion

  39. SHM and Circular Motion, Summary • Simple Harmonic Motion along a straight line can be represented by the projection of uniform circular motion along the diameter of a reference circle • Uniform circular motion can be considered a combination of two simple harmonic motions • One along the x-axis • The other along the y-axis • The two differ in phase by 90o Periodic Motion

  40. Simple Pendulum, Summary • The period and frequency of a simple pendulum depend only on the length of the string and the acceleration due to gravity • The period is independent of the mass • All simple pendula that are of equal length and are at the same location oscillate with the same period Periodic Motion

  41. Damped Oscillations • In many real systems, nonconservative forces are present • This is no longer an ideal system (the type we have dealt with so far) • Friction is a common nonconservative force • In this case, the mechanical energy of the system diminishes in time, the motion is said to be damped Periodic Motion

  42. Damped Oscillations, cont • A graph for a damped oscillation • The amplitude decreases with time • The blue dashed lines represent the envelope of the motion Periodic Motion

  43. Damped Oscillation, Example • One example of damped motion occurs when an object is attached to a spring and submerged in a viscous liquid • The retarding force can be expressed as R = - b v where b is a constant • b is called the damping coefficient Periodic Motion

  44. Damping Oscillation, Example Part 2 • The restoring force is – kx • From Newton’s Second Law SFx = -k x – bvx = max • When the retarding force is small compared to the maximum restoring force we can determine the expression for x • This occurs when b is small Periodic Motion

  45. Damping Oscillation, Example, Part 3 • The position can be described by • The angular frequency will be Periodic Motion

  46. Damping Oscillation, Example Summary • When the retarding force is small, the oscillatory character of the motion is preserved, but the amplitude decreases exponentially with time • The motion ultimately ceases • Another form for the angular frequency where w0 is the angular frequency in the absence of the retarding force Periodic Motion

  47. Types of Damping • is also called the natural frequency of the system • If Rmax = bvmax < kA, the system is said to be underdamped • When b reaches a critical value bc such that bc / 2 m = w0 , the system will not oscillate • The system is said to be critically damped • If Rmax = bvmax > kA and b/2m > w0, the system is said to be overdamped Periodic Motion

  48. Types of Damping, cont • Graphs of position versus time for • (a) an underdamped oscillator • (b) a critically damped oscillator • (c) an overdamped oscillator • For critically damped and overdamped there is no angular frequency Periodic Motion

  49. Forced Oscillations • It is possible to compensate for the loss of energy in a damped system by applying an external force • The amplitude of the motion remains constant if the energy input per cycle exactly equals the decrease in mechanical energy in each cycle that results from resistive forces Periodic Motion

  50. Forced Oscillations, 2 • After a driving force on an initially stationary object begins to act, the amplitude of the oscillation will increase • After a sufficiently long period of time, Edriving = Elost to internal • Then a steady-state condition is reached • The oscillations will proceed with constant amplitude Periodic Motion

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