The Constituent Quark Models

1. The Constituent Quark Models

2. Outline • The Quark Model • Original Quark Model • Additions to the Original Quark Model • Color • Harmonic Potential Model • Isgur-Karl Model • M.I.T. Bag Model • Assumptions • Predictions

3. Constituent Quark Model(Non-relativistic) • Quasi–particles, have same quantum number like fundamental quarks of QCD: electric charge, baryon number, color, flavor and spin. • Bare quark dressed by clouds of quark-antiquark pairs and gluons. • Mass is more than 300MeV, compared to bare quark about 10MeV. • Allow treatment similar to nuclear shell model • Simpler: only three players ( for baryons ) while nuclei can have many nucleons. • Harder: more freedom, • three colors, while nucleons are colorless • three flavors, while nucleons only have neutrons and protons.

4. Original Quark Model 1964 The model was proposed independently by Gell-Mann and Zweig Three fundamental building blocks 1960’s (p,n,l) Þ 1970’s (u,d,s) mesons are bound states of a of quark and anti-quark: Can make up "wave functions" by combining quarks: baryons are bound state of 3 quarks: proton = (uud), neutron = (udd), L= (uds) anti-baryons are bound states of 3 anti-quarks: Λ= (uds)

5. Quarks • These quark objects are: • point like • spin 1/2 fermions • parity = +1 (-1 for anti-quarks) • two quarks are in isospin doublet (u and d), s is an • iso-singlet (=0) • Obey Q = I3 +1/2(S+B) = I3 +Y/2 • Group Structure is SU(3) • For every quark there is an anti-quark • The anti-quark has opposite charge, baryon number and strangeness • Quarks feel all interactions (have mass, electric charge, etc)

6. Early 1960’s Quarks • Successes of 1960’s Quark Model: • Classify all known (in the early 1960’s) particles in terms of 3 building blocks • predict new particles (e.g. W-) • explain why certain particles don’t exist (e.g. baryons with spin 1) • explain mass splitting between meson and baryons • explain/predict magnetic moments of mesons and baryons • explain/predict scattering cross sections (e.g. spp/spp = 2/3) • Failures of the 1960's model: • No evidence for free quarks (fixed up by QCD) • Pauli principle violated (D++= (uuu) wave function is totally symmetric) (fixed up by color) • What holds quarks together in a proton ? (gluons! ) • How many different types of quarks exist ? (6?)

7. Additions to the Original Quark Model – Charm • Another quark was needed to account for some discrepancies between predictions of the model and experimental results • Charm would be conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions, but not in weak interactions • In 1974, a new meson, the J/Ψ was discovered that was shown to be a charm quark and charm antiquark pair

8. More Additions – Top and Bottom • Discovery led to the need for a more elaborate quark model • This need led to the proposal of two new quarks • t – top (or truth) • b – bottom (or beauty) • Added quantum numbers of topness and bottomness • Verification • b quark was found in a  meson in 1977 • t quark was found in 1995 at Fermilab

9. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) • QCD gave a new theory of how quarks interact with each other by means of color charge • The strong force between quarks is often called the color force • The strong force between quarks is carried by gluons • Gluons are massless particles • There are 8 gluons, all with color charge • When a quark emits or absorbs a gluon, its color changes

10. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) • Asymptotic freedom • Quarks move quasi-free inside the nucleon • Perturbation theoretical tools can be applied in this regime • Quark confinement • No single free quark has been observed in experiments • Color force increases with increasing distance • Chiral symmetry

11. Quark confinement • Spatial confinement • Quarks cannot leave a certain region in space • String confinement • The attractive( color singlet) quark-antiquark • Color confinement

12. What Models do we have?

13. Harmonic Potential Model(for N and N* states, mu=md=m) 2 λ 1 ρ R 3

14. Solution of Harmonic Potential Model

15. Spin-Spin Contact Interaction The three parameters ms,d , αs|ψ(0)|2, ω0 are obtained by fitting to experimental data

16. Spectrum of low lying N and N* states ms,d = 360MeV , ω0 =500MeV

17. Non-relativistic quark model with the salt of QCD eg. Isgur-Karl Model • Start with a non-relativistic quark model with SU(3)xSU(2) spin-flavor symmetry. • SU(3) flavor breaking via quark mass difference. (mu,d is not equal to ms). • Long range confining force independent of flavor and spin. • Only one gluon exchange accounts for short range spin and flavor dependent interaction. (similar to electrodynamics of two slow moving fermions)

18. Isgur-Karl Model • No spin-orbit interaction, comparing to shell model • Spin-spin contact interaction acts when L is zero • Tensor interaction acts when L is Nonzero

19. Nstar Spectrum

20. M.I.T. Bag Model • Developed in 1974 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology • It models spatial confinement only • Quarks are forced by a fixed external pressure to move only inside a given spatial region • Quarks occupy single particle orbitals • The shape of the bag is spherical, if all the quarks are in ground state

21. M.I.T Bag Model • Inside the bag, quarks are allowed to move quasi-free. • An appropriate boundary condition at the bag surface guarantees that no quark can leave the bag • This implies that there are no quarks outside the bag

22. M.I.T. Bag Model • The boundary condition generates discrete energy eigenvalues. R - radius of the Bag x1=2.04 Nq = # of quarks inside the bag B – bag constant that reflects the bag pressure

23. M.I.T. Bag Model • Minimizing E(R), one gets the equilibrium radius of the system Fixing the only parameter of the model B, by fitting the mass of the nucleon to 938MeV we have first order predictions

24. One gluon exchange • Model so far excluded all interactions between the quarks • There should be some effective interaction that is not contained in B( how do we know that?) αs – the strong coupling constant Mq depends on the quantum no. of the coupled quarks

25. Predictions The masses of N, Δ, Ω, ω were used to fit the parameters.

26. Conclusions • The quark model • classifies all known particles in terms of 6 building blocks • Explains mass splitting between meson and baryons • Explain/predict magnetic moments of mesons and baryons • Explain/predict scattering cross sections • The MIT Bag Model • predicts fairly accurate masses of the particles • Explains color confinement • Helps predict heavy quark spectrum Simple models can give us a very good picture!

27. Bibliography • Y. IWAMURA and Y. NOGAMI, IL NUOVO CIMENTO VOL. 89 A, N. 3(1985) • Peter HASENFRATZ and Julius KUTI, PHYSICS REPORTS (Section C of Physics Letters) 40, No. 2 (1978) 75-179. • T. Barnes, arXiv:hep-ph/0406327v1 • Carleton E. DeTar, John 12. Donoghue, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (1983) • E. Eichten et al. , Phys. Rev. D, 203 (1980) • E. Eichten et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett, 369 (1975) • Stephan Hartmann, Models and Stories in Hadron Physics • Theoretical papers • N. Isgur and G. Karl, Phys. Rev. D 18, 4187 (1978); 20, 1191 (1979). • L. G. Landsberg, Phys. At. Nucl. 59, 2080 (1996). • J.W. Darewych, M. Horbatsch, and R. Koniuk, Phys. Rev. D 28,1125 (1983). • E. Kaxiras, E. J. Moniz, and M. Soyeur, Phys. Rev. D 32, 695 (1985).