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EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE KRAUZ BIOLOGY (H). HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE. FOR A LONG TIME IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE EARTH WAS ONLY 6,000 YRS OLD IT WASN’T UNTIL THE 1800’S THAT SCIENTISTS SUGGESTED EARTH IS OLDER AND THAT LIFE EVOLVES!!. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE.

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EVOLUTION

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  1. EVOLUTION HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE KRAUZ BIOLOGY (H)

  2. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • FOR A LONG TIME IT WAS BELIEVED THAT THE EARTH WAS ONLY 6,000 YRS OLD • IT WASN’T UNTIL THE 1800’S THAT SCIENTISTS SUGGESTED EARTH IS OLDER AND THAT LIFE EVOLVES!!

  3. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • LAMARCK PROPOSED ONE THEORY ON HOW EVOLUTION OCCURS • USE AND DISUSE (ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS)

  4. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  5. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS • ORGANISMS MAY DEVELOP TRAITS DURING THEIR LIFETIME THAT CAN BE PASSED ON TO THEIR OFFSPRING

  6. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • DARWIN PROPOSED ANOTHER THEORY OF EVOLUTION • DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

  7. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  8. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • DARWIN COLLECTED DATA FROM AROUND THE WORLD!!

  9. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • DARWIN’S STUDIES LED HIM TO PUBLISH “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY THE MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION”

  10. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION • ALL ORGANISMS RELATED THROUGH DESCENT FROM AN UNKNOWN SPECIES THAT LIVED IN THE PAST • AS TIME PASSED, ADAPTATIONS WERE DEVELOPED WITHIN A SPECIFIC SPECIES THAT WERE PASSSED ON TO FUTURE GENERATIONS

  11. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  12. THERE ARE FIVE MAJOR SOURCES OF EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION FOSSILS BIOGEOGRAPHY COMPARATIVE ANATOMY COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  13. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • FOSSILS • THE IMPRINTS OR REMNANTS OF ORGANISMS THAT LIVED IN THE PAST

  14. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • THE FOSSIL RECORD AND RADIOACTIVE DATING GIVE US A TIMELINE FOR LIFE • THE OLDEST KNOWN FOSSIL IS ABOUT 3.5 BILLION YEARS OLD

  15. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • FOSSILS SUGGEST WHALES EVOLVED FROM LAND MAMMALS WITH 4 LEGS

  16. BIOGEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES ORGANISMS APPEAR MORE SIMILAR TO ORGANISMS FROM THE SAME AREA HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  17. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  18. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • COMPARATIVE ANATOMY • THE COMPARISON OF BODY STRUCTURES IN DIFFERENT SPECIES

  19. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • FEATURES THAT OFTEN HAVE DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS BUT ARE STRUCTURALLY SIMILAR BECAUSE OF COMMON ANCESTRY

  20. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY

  21. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY THE STUDY OF STRUCTURES THAT APPEAR DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIFFERENT ORGANISMS PHARYNGEAL SLITS ARE PRESENT IN ALL VERTEBRATES (FISHES, FROGS, SNAKES, BIRDS, APES) HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  22. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  23. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • MOLECULAR BIOLOGY • THE STUDY OF THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENE AND GENE EXPRESSION • RELATED INDIVIDUALS HAVE A GREAT AMOUNT OF SIMILAR DNA

  24. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • DARWIN PROPOSED NATURAL SELECTION AS THE MECHANISM FOR EVOLUTION

  25. HOW DOES NATURAL SELECTION WORK? OVERPRODUCTION LIMITED RESOURCES (COMPETITION) HERITABLE VARIATIONS NATURAL SELECTION (“SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”) HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  26. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  27. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • ARTIFICIAL SELECTION • SELECTIVE BREEDING OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS AND ANIMALS

  28. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • TWO MAIN FEATURES OF DARWIN • DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION • NATURAL SELECTION

  29. SCIENTISTS CAN OBSERVE NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION INSECTICIDE SPRAYING (DDT) VS EFFECTIVENESS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PEPPERED MOTH COLOR HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  30. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • POPULATIONS ARE THE UNITS OF EVOLUTION, BUT WHAT IS A POPULATION?

  31. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • POPULATION • ??

  32. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • POPULATION • A GROUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES LIVING IN THE SAME PLACE AT THE SAME TIME • SPECIES • A GROUP OF POPULATIONS WHOSE INDIVIDUAL HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO INTERBREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING

  33. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • DARWIN COULD NOT EXPLAIN THE GENETIC BASIS OF POPULATION CHANGE (I.E. VARIATION) • POPULATION GENETICS • THE SCIENCE OF GENETIC CHANGE IN POPULATIONS

  34. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • MICROEVOLUTION • CHANGE IN A POPULATIONS GENE POOL OVER TIME • GENE POOL • THE TOTAL COLLECTION OF GENES IN A POPULATION AT ANY ONE TIME

  35. THE GENE POOL OF A NON-EVOLVING POPULATION WILL REMAIN CONSTANT OVER GENERATIONS HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM THE FREQUENCY OF EACH ALLELE IN THE GENE POOL WILL REMAIN CONSTANT UNLESS ACTED ON BY AN OUTSIDE AGENT HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  36. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • IF A GENE POOL ISN’T CHANGING, WE CAN CALCULATE THE FREQUENCY OF ALLELES

  37. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • HARDY-WEINBERG FORMULAS • P + Q = 1 • P2 + 2(P)(Q) + Q2 = 1

  38. FIVE CONDITIONS MUST BE MET IN ORDER FOR HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM TO HOLD TRUE LARGE POPULATION NO MIGRATION / IMMIGRATION NO MUTATION RANDOM MATING ALL INDIVIDUALS EQUAL CHANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  39. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • SINCE HARDY-WEINBERG CONDITIONS CAN NOT BE MET IN THE WILD, MICROEVOLUTION WILL OCCUR • FOUR MAJOR CAUSES OF MICROEVOLUTION • GENETIC DRIFT • GENE FLOW • MUTATION • NATURAL SELECTION

  40. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • GENETIC DRIFT

  41. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • GENETIC DRIFT • A CHANGE IN THE GENE POOL IN A SMALL POPULATION DUE TO CHANCE

  42. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • TWO COMMON TYPES OF GENETIC DRIFT • BOTTLENECK EFFECT • FOUNDER EFFECT

  43. GENE FLOW FERTILE INDIVIDUALS MOVE INTO OR OUT OF A POPULATION, OR WHEN GAMETES ARE TRANSFERRED BETWEEN POPULATIONS MUTATIONS A RANDOM CHANGE IN AN ORGANISM’S DNA THAT MAY CREAT A NEW ALLELE HOW POPULATIOS EVOLVE

  44. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • NATURAL SELECTION RESULTS IN THE ACCUMULATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRAITS THAT ADAPT A POPULATION TO ITS ENVIRONMENT • SUMMARY OF CAUSES OF MICROEVOLUTION

  45. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • VARIATION IS EXTENSIVE IN MOST POPULATIONS • POLYMORPHISM • TWO OR MORE FORMS OF A TRAIT IN NOTICEABLE NUMBERS

  46. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE • CLINE

  47. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF VARIATION? MUTATION AND SEXUAL RECOMBINATION HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  48. NATURAL SELECTION EFFECTS VARIATION BY FAVORING A PARTICULAR PHENOTYPE HETEROZYGOTE ADVANTAGE HETEROZYGOTE HAS GREATER REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS NEUTRAL VARIATION NO SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  49. THERE ARE THREE GENERAL OUTCOMES OF NATURAL SELECTION STABILIZING SELECTION DIRECTIONAL SELECTION DISRUPTIVE SELECTION HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

  50. HOW POPULATIONS EVOLVE

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