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Chapter 4 Genes and DNA

Chapter 4 Genes and DNA. Section 1+2 Pages 84-101. What does DNA look like?. Pieces of the Puzzle: DNA DNA must be able to be. Nucleotides: Subunits of DNA. A nucleotide consists of a ______ , a ______ , and a _____ . Nucleotides are identical except for their base.

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Chapter 4 Genes and DNA

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  1. Chapter 4 Genes and DNA Section 1+2 Pages 84-101

  2. What does DNA look like? • Pieces of the Puzzle: • DNA • DNA must be able to be

  3. Nucleotides: Subunits of DNA • A nucleotide consists of a ______, a ______, and a _____. Nucleotides are identical except for their base. • There are 4 bases: A_____, T_____, G_____, and C______ • All four bases have a different _____.

  4. Chargaff’s Rules • Guanine and Cytosine always occur in _____ _______in DNA, as do Adenine and Thymine

  5. Franklin’s Discovery • Used X Ray diffraction to make images of DNA molecules • Suggested the ____shape of DNA

  6. Watson and Crick’s Model • After seeing Franklin’s image, Watson and Crick concluded that DNA must look like a ____, ______ ______. • This helped explain how DNA is ______and how it ______in the cell.

  7. DNA’s Double Structure • Double Helix, two sides of the ladder are made of alternating _____ parts and ________parts. • The rungs of the ladder are made of a pair of bases: A______-T______ G______-C______

  8. Animated DNA • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html

  9. Making Copies of DNA • Pairing the bases allows the cell to _______or make copies of DNA • The pairs are _____________since they always pair A-T and G-C

  10. How are copies made? • During replication, a DNA molecule is _____ ____ the _______, where _____meet. • The bases on each side of the molecule are used as a _________for the new strand. • As the bases on the original molecule are exposed, _________ ________ are added to each side of the ladder. • Two DNA molecules are formed. • Half of each of the molecules is old DNA, half is the new DNA

  11. Unraveling DNA • DNA is often wound around ______, coiled into strands, and bundled up even more. • Cell’s without a nucleus the DNA forms ______ ______within the cell. • Cell’s with a nucleus the DNA and proteins are bundled into __________.

  12. When are copies made? • DNA is copied … • The job of ________, ________ and __________the DNA is done by proteins within the cell.

  13. Unraveling DNA • The structure of DNA allows it to hold ________. • The ______of the bases is the code that carries the information. • A gene consists of • Humans have over ______genes. • 2003 Human Genome Project

  14. Unraveling DNA- Quiz • Where is the DNA in your cells? • How does so much DNA fit into the nucleus? • What is the name for strands of DNA wound around proteins? • When do chromosomes become visible in cells? • What are chromatids? • In • It is • C • When the • Two

  15. Genes and Proteins • DNA code is read like a book, from one end to the other and in one direction. • Bases form the alphabet of the code. • Groups of __ bases are code for the ____ _____profile. (example: AGC) • A long string of amino acids forms a ______. • Each gene is

  16. Proteins and Traits • Proteins are found _______cells and cause most of the _______that you see among organisms. • Proteins act as _______ ________ and ________for many processes within the cell. • A single organism may have _______of genes that code for thousands of proteins.

  17. Help from RNA • RNA (ribonucleic acid) a molecule • Helps in the process of

  18. Making of a Protein • Step 1: A copy is made of one side of the DNA segment where a particular gene is located. This copy is transferred to the _________.

  19. Making of a Protein • Step 2: This mirror like copy of a DNA segment is called messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA..

  20. Making of a Protein • Step 3: Each group of ____bases on the mRNA segment codes for ___amino acid.

  21. Making of a Protein • Step 4: The mRNA segment is fed through the _______. A ribosome is a cell organelle composed of ____ and _______.

  22. Making of a Protein • Step 5: Molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA) deliver amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers

  23. Making of a Protein • Step 6: The _____ _____ are dropped off at the ribosome.

  24. Making of a Protein • Step 7: The amino acids are joined to make a ______. Usually, one protein is produced for each _____.

  25. Animated mRNA • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072943696/student_view0/chapter3/animation__mrna_synthesis__transcription___quiz_1_.html

  26. How is RNA different from DNA? • RNA: one strand contains ______ instead of thymine A, G, C, U • DNA: two strands A, G, C, T

  27. Changes in Genes • Mutation: a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule • Either __________, ________ or ___________ • Causes an ___________, __________ or _____________ • If the mutation occurs on the sex cells, the mutation can be passed to the _______ _________ • Mutations happen _______ • Mutagens are any physical or chemical agent that can cause the mutation (examples: UV radiation, X rays, cigarette smoke) • Examples are

  28. Example of Substitution • Sickle Cell Anemia- affects red blood cells. When _______ is substituted for _______ _______ in a blood protein. The change in shape isn’t good for the cell to carry oxygen and clot in vessel (very painful).

  29. Genetics • Genetic Engineering: Manipulate individual genes to create new products, such as foods, drug or fabrics • Genetic Identification: DNA is your unique fingerprint, only identical twins share DNA Clone: Selective breeding: A technique to produce offspring with desirable traits. Inbreeding: Hybridization:

  30. Web sites….. • DNA and Genetics: • http://www.pbs.org/wnet/dna/episode1/index.html# • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/ • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/ • http://www.biology.arizona.edu/human_bio/activities/karyotyping/karyotyping.html • http://www.mesacc.edu/~tinhw34501/psquare.pdf • http://www.nature.ca/genome/05/051/0511/0511_m205_e.cfm • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/sequence-DNA-for-yourself.html • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/shockwave.html • Genetics: • http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/games/game_dogbreeding.html • http://www.worldwildlife.org/sites/inner-animal/index.html • http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_2.htm • http://www.athro.com/evo/gen/punexam.html • http://www2.edc.org/weblabs/Punnett/punnettsquares.html • http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/geneprob.htm • http://www.cellsproject.org/examples/sc/page23.html • http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0078778066/student_view0/chapter5/math_practice.html • http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm • http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Mendelian_genetics/mendelian_genetics.html • http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel1.htm • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/cracking-the-code-of-life.html

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