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Review

Review. Quiz #2 - Wednesday June 18 th Complications Cerebral Palsy Baby reflexes New mom, new dad . Bonding. Parent-infant bond Bonding involves strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed the newborn.

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Review

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  1. Review • Quiz #2 - Wednesday June 18th • Complications • Cerebral Palsy • Baby reflexes • New mom, new dad

  2. Bonding Parent-infant bond • Bonding involves strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed the newborn. • Early skin-to-skin contact is not essential for human bonding.

  3. The Importance of Close Contact Birth complications can have lingering impact on later life. Mothers and fathers should help with early caregiving if newborn must stay in the hospital. Research confirms benefits of skin-to-skin contact

  4. How can you tell if a baby is growing normally in the first year of life? • Does brain wiring in the first two years depend on genes or experience? • When do babies see clearly, hear well, and walk on their own? • Why did more than half the newborns die a century ago, and almost all thrive now?

  5. 1. If you were gaining weight at the rate of an infant, your weight would be tripled one year from today. Calculate how much you would weigh. • 2. If you, like an infant, grew an inch a month, the change would not be as dramatic—because you are already much taller than an infant. Thus, every inch is a smaller percentage increase for you. Nevertheless, assume that you were growing at the rate of an infant during the first year, adding an inch a month. What would your height be a year from today?

  6. Review • Bonding

  7. Body Changes Percentile • Number that indicates rank compared to other similar people of the same age • Percentiles range from zero to 100

  8. Body Changes Head-sparing • Biological mechanism • Protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth • Brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition

  9. Same Boy, Much Changed All three photos show Conor, first at 3 months, then at 12 months, and finally at 24 months. Note the rapid growth in the first two years, not only in hair and expression, but also in cognition-from a focus on sucking to a fantasy as a caped crusader. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryJHfhhNRvY One year time lapse 2 minutes

  10. Sleep Sleep specifics vary because of biology and the social environment. • Newborns sleep about 15-17 hours a day, in one- to three-hour segments. • Newborns have a high proportion of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.

  11. Infant Sleep Times, by Percentile Good Night, Moon Average sleep per 24-hour period is given in percentiles because there is much variation in how many hours a young child normally sleeps.

  12. Co-Sleeping • Asian and African mothers worry more about separation; European and North American mothers worry more about sex. • Pros • Easier response time • Less parental exhaustion • More convenient for breast-feeding • Cons • Higher SID • Childhood memories affect interpretation of babies behavior Will Susan roll over on newborn Anisa as they sleep? Some physicians fear that co-sleeping poses a risk of suffocation, but others believe that it is protective.

  13. Brain Development • At birth the brain is at 25% of its adult weight (compared to 5% of body weight) • By age 2 it is at 75% of adult weight

  14. The Developing Cortex The infant's cortex consists of four to six thin layers of tissue that cover the brain. It contains virtually all the neurons that make conscious thought possible.

  15. How Two Neurons Communicate

  16. Brain Development Transient exuberance and pruning • Expansion and pruning of dendrites occur for every aspect of early experience. • Unused dendrites whither to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking.

  17. Synapse and Dendrite Formation

  18. Experience Shapes the Brain Necessary and possible experiences • Experience-expectant brain function • Experience-dependent brain function • Intelligence is more heritable in families of with high SES

  19. Harming the Infant Brain Infants need stimulation • Playing, allowing varied sensations, and encouraging movement necessary for brain connections

  20. Harming the Infant Brain Stress and the brain • Overabundance of stress hormones damages later brain functioning

  21. Harming the Infant Brain Infants need protection • Shaken baby syndrome is a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth. This motion ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.

  22. Harming the Infant Brain Severe social deprivation • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWzO8DtRd-s • 3 min • Case Study of Genie

  23. Resilience • Infants have an inborn drive to remedy deficits (self-righting). • It is the patterns, not the moments, of neglect or maltreatment that harm the brain. • Understanding development as dynamic and interactive means helping caregivers from the start, not waiting until destructive patterns are established

  24. The Senses Sensory development • Typically precedes intellectual and motor development (Piaget) Sensation • Response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus Perception • Occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation.

  25. The Senses Perception follows sensation. • Perceptions require experience, either direct experience or messages from other people. • Infants' brains are especially attuned to their own repeated social experiences • Cognition follows perception, when people think about what they have perceived.

  26. Hearing and Seeing Hearing • Develops during the last trimester of pregnancy • Most advanced of the newborn's senses • Speech perception by 4 months after birth Before Leaving the Hospital As mandated by a 2004 Ohio law, 1-day-old Henry has his hearing tested via vibrations of the inner ear in response to various tones.

  27. Moving and Perceiving: Hearing and Seeing Seeing • Least mature sense at birth • Newborns focus between 4 and 30 inches away • Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve shape recognition, visual scanning, and details. • Binocular vision at 3 months

  28. Moving and Perceiving: Smelling and Tasting Smell and taste • Function at birth • Rapidly adapt to the social world • Related to family and cultural preferences • May have evolutionary function As with every other normal infant, Jacqueline’s curiosity leads to taste and then to a slow reaction, from puzzlement to tongue-out disgust.

  29. Moving and Perceiving: Touch and Pain Touch • Sense of touch is acute in infants. • Although all newborns respond to being securely held, soon they prefer specific, touches. Pain and temperature • Pain and temperature are often connected to touch. • Some people assume that even the fetus can feel pain. • Others say that the sense of pain does not mature until months or years later.

  30. Moving and Perceiving: Dynamic Sensory Systems Most important experiences are perceived with interacting senses in dynamic systems. • Sensations facilitate social interaction and comfort • By 6 months, infant are able to coordinate the senses

  31. Motor Skills: Gross Motor Skills Motor skills • Learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid. Course of development • Cephalocaudal (head-down) and proximodistal (center-out) direction

  32. Motor Skills: Gross Motor Skills Gross motor skills • Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping Young Expert This infant is an adept crawler. Note the knees as well as the arm and leg strength needed to support the body in this early version of push-ups.

  33. Dynamic Systems Underlying Motor Skills Three interacting elements underlying motor skills • Muscle strength • Brain maturation • Practice

  34. Motor Skills: Fine Motor Skills Fine motor skills • Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin • Shaped by culture and opportunity

  35. Dynamic Sensory-Motor Systems The entire package of sensations and motor skills furthers three goals. • Social interaction • Comfort • Learning Sensory Exuberance Human animals are unusual in that all the senses function at birth, but motor skills develop slowly.

  36. Motor Skills: Cultural Variations All healthy infants develop skills in the same sequence, but the age of acquisition varies. • Variations influences • Genes • Cultural patterns • Nutrition • Caregiving patterns

  37. Surviving in Good Health Statistics • 10 billion children were born between 1950 and 2010; more than 2 billion of them died before age 5 • World death rate in the first five years of life has dropped about 2 percent per year since 1990 • Improvement in clean water, nourishing food, immunization, medical treatments

  38. Surviving in Good Health Immunization • Primes the body's immune system to resist a particular disease • Contributes to reduced mortality and population growth; herd immunity • Successes • Smallpox • Polio • Measles • Rotavirus

  39. Surviving in Good Health Immunizations are unsafe for: • Embryos exposed to rubella • Newborns • People with compromised immune systems Problems • No effective vaccine found for AIDS, malaria, cholera, typhoid, and shigellosis • Many rural areas of world not reached

  40. Surviving in Good Health: Nutrition Adequate nutrition • For every infant disease (including SIDS), breast-feeding reduces risk and malnutrition increases it, stunting growth of body and brain. • Breastfed babies are less likely to develop allergies, asthma, obesity, and heart disease. • As the infant gets older, the composition of breast milk adjusts to the baby's changing nutritional needs.

  41. The Same Situation, Many Miles Apart: Breast-Feeding Breast-feeding is universal. None of us would exist if our foremothers had not successfully breast-fed their babies or millennia.

  42. National Trends in Breast-Feeding Rates

  43. Surviving in Good Health Malnutrition • Protein-calorie malnutrition • Condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind that can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death • Stunting • Failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition • Wasting • Tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition

  44. Stunting Genetic? The data show that basic nutrition is still unavailable to many children in the developing world.

  45. Measuring Nutritional Status of Children

  46. Effects of Chronic Malnutrition • Brains may not develop normally. • Protection against common diseases may be reduced. • Some diseases result directly from malnutrition • Marasmus • Kwashiorkor Infant malnutrition is common in nations at war (like Afghanistan, bottom) or with crop failure (like Niger, top).

  47. Lifelong Deprivation These images illustrate the negative impact of neglect on the developing brain.

  48. Photo Credits • Slide 7 (left to right)-Cecilia Varas • Slide 10-Peter Solness/Lonely Planet Images • Slide 11-Stephen Chiang/Getty Images • Slide 16-CNRI / Photo Researchers, Inc • Slide 22-Reprinted from Neuropsychologia, Fig. 1. Experience-dependent neural specialization during infancy 48, 1857-1861. Lisa S. Scott, with permission from Elsevier. • Slide 26-AP Photo/The Plain Dealer, David I. Andersen • Slide 28 (left to right, top to bottom)-Cindy Charles/PhotoEdit • Slide 32-Catharina van den Dikkenberg/istockphoto • Slide 33-Rick Gomez / Masterfile • Slide 35-Radius Images/Glow Images • Slide 41 (left to right) • Jennie Hart / Alamy • Alain Evrard/ Robert Harding • Slide 46 (top to bottom) • AP Photo/Schalk van Zuydam • Dang Ngo/ZUMA Press/Newscom • Slide 47-Bruce D. Perry/ The Child Trauma Academy

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