Page 49

1. Chapter 3, THE ATMOSPHERE Composition Vertical Structure Depletion of the Ozone Layer Air Pollution Weather and Climate Coriolis effect Page 49

2. The Environmental spheres p. 6/7 Air Hydrosphere Water Atmosphere Biosphere Lithosphere Green stuff Land

3. It is an “ocean of air” ( 10,000 km or 6,000 mi above the surface) surrounding Earth, held to Earth by the force of gravity • => dynamic movements of currents and circulation of air which creates the changing conditions, the weather. 98% of its mass is concentrated at very low altitudes, within 26 km or 16 mi of sea level. Pressure?

4. Why the Atmosphere is essential to our life? • The Atmosphere is a thin film of air which serves as insulator,maintaining the temperatures on Earth. * Without atmosphere, Earth would experience t extremes as 200 deg. C (500 deg. F) between day and night. • The Atmosphere serves as a shieldblocking out much of the sun’s UV radiation and protecting us from meteor showers. What are the temperatures on the Moon?

6. Weather and Climate • Weather refers to short- run atmospheric conditionsfor a given time in a specific area (temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, wind, storms, etc.) • Climate- weather conditions over a long periodof time ( at least three decades) • Elements of weather and climate: temperature, moisture content, pressure and wind • The Controls: latitude, distribution of land and water, general circulation of the atmosphere, altitude, topographic barriers, storms

7. p. 50

8. An inert gas

9. Permanent Gases-min effect on weather & climate • Nitrogen- 78%, added to the air by the decay and burning of organic matter, volcanic eruptions, chemical breakdown of rocks; it is removed by some biological processes and rain or snow. • Oxygen- 21%, produced by vegetation, removed by organic and in organic processes • Argon- 0.037%- an inert gas

10. Variable Gases-significantinfluence on weather & climate CO2- 0.037%- an increased burning of fossil fuels for the last century Ozone- in the ozone layer- an absorber of ultraviolet solar radiation Water Vapor- invisible, in moist surface areas (tropical oceans), deserts? Particulates or Aerosols- solid and liquid particles- dust, ash, smoke, soil, ice, water

11. Ozonosphere- between 9-30 miles

12. Vertical layers of the Atmosphere • 1. Troposphere- water vapors, gases and small particles from pollution. Temperature decreases with increased altitude. • Normal Lapse Rate- 6.5 deg. C per 1000m (3.6 deg.F/1000ft) • 2. Stratosphere- constant temperature in the lower part • (- 57 deg. C, or -70 deg. F) • * Ozone layer- it absorbs the UV radiation- release of heat, increase of temperatures in the upper parts of the stratosphere. Water=ice clouds • 3. Mesosphere- t tend to drop • 4. Thermosphere- t increases

13. 96 Temperature (Fº)

14. 21 Ozonosphere lies between 15-50km (9-30 mi) above the surface. It filters the UV energy from the sun.

15. 57 Ozone hole/depletion over Antarctica Ozone in the upper atmosphere is destroyed by chemical reaction to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other gases- products of pollution. On the poles- no big cities but : (1) the circulation patterns move from the tropics the polluted air to the poles and back. (2) Austral winter- S. Pole- dark and cold, ozone is trapped with pollutants; Spring- the solar radiation dissolves the vortex and the ozone. (3) Ice clouds in the stratosphere create ozone- destructive reaction.

17. Growing Ozone Hole over Antarctica

18. 47 Destruction of Text pg. 21-24, 95-6, 290-1 CO2 & water vapor (greenhouse gases) impede the escape of long-wave R by absorbing it and then radiating it back to Earth. Increased skin cancers

19. NEWSWEEK, 8/20/01 Maureen Reagan dies at age 60

20. LITTLE OZONE ANNIE

21. Hot sunny, 105° F

22. Air Pollution and the Industrial Revolution • Primary pollutants-released directly into the air: particulates (aerosols), smoke, dust, salt, sulfur and nitrogen compounds, carbon oxides • Secondary pollutants- not released directly into the air (from chemical reactions): photochemical smog - A number of gases react to UV radiation in strong sunlight

24. 59

26. Pinatubo erupting

28. 47 BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS

29. One degree Fahrenheit rise in temp. record of the entire earth’s surface during the 20th Century

30. 72

31. Equatorial Rainforest

32. Thermal Power Plant burning fossil fuels coal oil natural gas We are evaporating our coal mines into the air” --Svante Arhenius

33. 12/5/95

35. HIGHEST GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, 1989

36. Jan., Feb. ’00 hottest on record This is your planet on greenhouse gases 1/17/98

38. contrails

39. Heat wave deaths in Chicago Midwest = 529 but as high as 739 = 1,177 died Average number of heat deaths per year is… 175

40. O’Hare max. temp.104ºF, 2nd highest on record, had a heat index of maxing out at 119ºF. Dew point temps. were very high in the 70’s and 80’s . Midway, another airport, reached 106ºF with a heat index of 125ºF.

41. 8/1/99 Bags of ice help cool chickens during a show at a county fair in Nebraska. 7/31/99 HEAT STRICKEN. A police officer gives water to Mary Prowls, 81, after he discovered her overcome by heat in her home. Heat Wave, 1999 Deaths since 7/19 93 8/1 191, 80 in Illinois LA has 20 days over 90 F Chicago has 21 days

42. Heat deaths: Chirac pledges action CNN Thursday, August 21, 2003 PARIS, France—French President Jacques Chirac has promised to remedy defects in his country’s health service in the wake of the heat wave that killed thousands of mainly elderly people. The French funeral directors association said 10 418 had died during the first three weeks of August. The projected death toll for the month would be 13 632. Temporary, air conditioned morgue

43. Coriolis Effect p.63 Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis, 1792-1843

44. Ch. 5, p. 142

45. 62 cold warm warm cold

46. Cold Labrador Current warm