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HIJAUAN PAKAN

HIJAUAN PAKAN. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS CRUDE PROTEIN: 30-300 g/kg DM CRUDE FIBRE: 200-400 g/kg DM WATER: 850-650 g/kg WATER SOLUBLE CH: 40 – 300 g/kg DM, STEM > LEAVE CELLULOSE: 200-300 G/kg DM HEMICELLULOSE: 100-300 g/kg DM

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HIJAUAN PAKAN

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  1. HIJAUAN PAKAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS CRUDE PROTEIN: 30-300 g/kg DM CRUDE FIBRE: 200-400 g/kg DM WATER: 850-650 g/kg WATER SOLUBLE CH: 40 – 300 g/kg DM, STEM > LEAVE CELLULOSE: 200-300 G/kg DM HEMICELLULOSE: 100-300 g/kg DM AMINO ACID: not alter greatly with age, even between species CELLULAR CP: > 50% in the form of single enzyme: RIBULOSE 1,5-BIPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE RICH IN: ARGININE, GLUTAMIC ACID AND LYSINE (higher b.v for growth than seed protein) METHIONINE: is the first, ISOLEUCINE is the second limiting amino a.a. NPN: varies with physiological stage. The more favorable growth condition the the higher the NPN as well as TOTAL NITROGEN Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  2. HIJAUAN PAKAN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS NPN: main component: A.A., AMIDE (glutamine and asparagine), NITRATE ( nitite oxidises the ferrous iron of haemoglobin to the ferric state producing brown pigment, methaemoglobin, which is incapable of transporting oxygen to the body tissues LIPID: relatively low, not exceed 60 g/kg DM, include: TRIACYLGLICEROL, GLYCOLIPID, STEROL, WAXES, PHOSPOLIPID. Main fatty acid: LINOLENIC (60-75% total f.a), next are LENOLEIC and PALMITIC ACID MINERAL: very variable depending upon: species, stage of growth, soil type, cultivation condition, fertilizer application CAROTENE: 500 mg/kg DM Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  3. RANGES OF ESSENTIAL MINERAL CONTENTS OF TEMPERATE PASTURE GRASSES ELEMENT LOW NORMAL HIGH g/kg DM Potassium <12.0 15.0-30.0 >35.0 Calcium < 2.0 2.5- 5.0 > 6.0 Phosphorus < 2.0 2.0- 3.5 > 4.0 Sulphur < 2.0 2.0- 3.5 > 4.0 Magnesium < 1.0 1.2- 2.0 > 2.5 mg/kg DM Iron <45.0 50.0-150.0 >200.0 Manganese <30.0 40.0-200.0 >250.0 Zinc <10.0 15.0- 50.0 > 75.0 Copper < 3.0 4.0- 8.0 > 10.0 Molybdenum < 0.40 0.5- 3.0 > 5.0 Cobalt < 0.06 0.08-0.25 > 0.30 Selenium < 0.02 0.03-0.20 > 0.25 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  4. COMPOSITION OF THE DM OF A SAMPLE OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS CUT AT A YOUNG LEAFY STAGE (g/kg) Proximate Carbohydrates Nitrogenous composition components CP 190 Glucose , 16 Total N, 30 EE 45 Fructose, 13 Protein N 27 CF 208 Sucrose, 45 Non-protein N 3 NFE 449 Oligosaccharide, 19 Ash 108 Fructans 70 Galactan, 9 Araban, 29 Xylan, 63 Cellulose, 202 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  5. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PASTURE 1.STAGE OF GROWTH Structural carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin increase (reflected in increase of CF, from 200 to 400 g/kg DM). Protein decreases. Total ash content decreases (reflected from Ca content). OM digestibility decrease with ages. Digestibility influent by stem:leaf ratio. In very young, digestibility of stem is higher than that of leaves. With advancing of maturity, diges- tibility of leaf decreases slowly but stem fall rapidly. Net energy value decrease with age due to a low o.m digestibility and increasing hemicellulose 2.SPECIES AND CLIMATE In temperate area grasses grow and mature relatively slow and can thus be utilized at an early stage of growth when their nutritive value is high. In warmer however grasses mature more rapidly, their cp and phosphorus falling to very low levels and their fibrous content raising. In the wet tropics the herbage available is commonly fibrous but lush, in drier areas the mature herbage become desiccated. In temperate grasses fructans are the main storage ch while in tropical species these are replaced by starch. 3.SOILS AND FERTILIZER TREATMENT Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  6. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PASTURE Varieties within a species generally differ to only a small degree in nutritive value, if the comparison is made at the same stage of growth, but differences between comparable species may be larger. 3.SOILS AND FERTILIZER TREATMENT The type of soil may influence the composition of pasture especially it mineral content. The acidity of soil is an important factor influencing the uptake of trace minerals. Mn and Co are poorly absorbed by plant from calcareous soil. Whereas low Mo level of herbage are usually associated with acid soil. Liberal dressing of fertilizer affect the mineral content of plant. Nitrogenous fertilizer increase protein, affect amide and nitrate content, depresses fructan content of temperate grasses. Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  7. DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE FRACTION SUGAR DEXTRINS AVAILABLE CH STARCHES PECTINS TOTAL CH GUMS HEMICELLULOSES UNAVAILABLE CH or CELLULOSE DIETARY FIBRE CF LIGNIN Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  8. COMPOSITION OF FOUR CUTS OF RYEGRASS Composition Young Late Ear Full leafy leafy emergence seed Ash 81 85 78 57 Crude protein 186 153 138 97 Ether extract 38 31 30 25 Crude fibre 212 248 258 312 Nitrogen free extract 483 483 496 509 Crude lignin 36 46 55 75 Cellulose 253 284 299 356 Soluble ch 125 115 115 101 ME (sheep) 13.1 12.2 11.6 8.9 NE main 10.3 9.3 8.8 7.3 NE lwg 6.9 6.9 5.6 3.8 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  9. SEGAR HAY BMT HIJAUAN SILAGE HAYLAGE Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  10. HIJAU LEAFY LUNAK TAK LAPUK RUMPUT PANEN KERING HAY LEGUME KONDISI TNH TIME OF CUTTING CURING HARVESTING LEGUME HAY NON-LEGUME HAY MIXED HAY SHATTERING BLEACHING + FERMENTATION LEACHING Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  11. TIME OF CUTTING: • ALFALFA: BUD TO 1/10 FLOWER • SOYBEAN: POD BEGIN TO FILL • GRASS: BEFORE BEGIN TO BLOOM • BUTIRAN: EARLY MILK STAGE STAGE OF MATURITY LEGUME NON LEGUME % PROTEIN %TDN % PROTEIN %TDN VEGETATIVE 19 70 14 70 BUD 14 63 10 63 BLOOM 10 56 7 56 MATURE 6 49 4 49 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  12. CURING: POTONG SEBELUM EMBUN HILANG  WILTED  WIND ROWS HARVESTING: BALLING  <20% MOISTURE WAFER  <10% MOISTURE SOIL CONDITION: KAYA MINERAL (Ca, P)  KAYA MINERAL PUPUK N  KAYA PROTEIN Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  13. SILAGE • ADVANTAGES: • SUCCULENT • > BANYAK NUTRIENT PER SATUAN LUAS • < NUTRIENT YANG HILANG • > PALATABLE • > MUDAH DICAMPUR DG MKN LAIN • HEMAT TEMPAT PENYIMPANAN • TIDAK ADA BAHAYA KEBAKARAN • DANGEROUS: • NITROGEN DIOXIDE • CARBON DIOXIDE • TEMPERATUR TINGGI • BAKTERI TINGGI Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  14. KUALITAS SILAGE VERY GOOD: BERSIH, RASA ASAM, TDK ADA ASAM BUTIRAT, TIDAK BERJAMUR, TIDAK BERLENDIR, hH 3,5-4,2, JUMLAH NH3 <10% DARI TOTAL N GOOD: RASA ASAM, SEDIKIT ASAM BUTIRAT, pH 4,2-4,5 NH3 10-15% DARI TOTAL N FAIR: SEDIKIT ASAM BUTIRAT, SEDIKIT PROTEOLISIS, pH 4,5-4,8 JUMLAH NH3 15-20% DARI TOTAL N POOR: BANYAK ASAM BUTIRAT  BAU, BANYAK PROTEOLISIS pH > 4,8 NH3 > 20% DARI TOTAL N Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  15. BAHAN TAMBAHAN: • STRONG ACID pH <4  FERMENTASI BAIK • ASAM FORMIAT • HCl • H2SO4 • SODIUM BISULFID • PATI DAN GULA • JAGUNG • MOLASSES Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  16. SPERMATOPHYTA ANGIOSPERMA DICOTYLEDONEAE MONOCOTYLEDONEAE ROSALES GLUMIFORA CYPERALES ROSINAE GRAMINAE CYPERACEAE LEGUMINOSAE PAPILIONACEAE MIMMOSACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  17. PAPILIONACEAE: • ARACHIS HYPOGEA • CAJANUS CAJAN (PIGEON PEA) • COLOPOGONIUM MUCONOIDES (DOG PEA) • CICER ARIETINUM (CHICK PEA) • CLITORIA TERNATEA (BUTTERFLY PEA) • CROTALARIA USARAMOENSIS (CURARA PEA) • INDIGOFERA ERECTA • PUERARIA JAVANICA • PUERARIA TRILOBA • SESBANIA GLANDIFLORA • SESBANIA ACULATA • STYLOSANTHES GRACILLIS Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  18. MIMMOSACEAE: • MIMMOSA INVISA (SIMEDURI DURI) • MIMMOSA PUDICA (DAUN TIDUR) • LEUCAENA GLAUCA (LAMTORO) • CESALPINIACEAE: • TAMARINDUS INDICUS • CAESALPINIA PULCHERINA • POINCIANA REGIA • CASIA SIAMEA Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  19. GRAMINEAE: • BRACHIARIA BRIZANTA (SIGNAL GRASS) • CHLORIS GAYANA (RHODES GRASS) • CYNODON DACTYLON (BERMUDA GRASS) • DIGITARIA DICUMBEN (PANGOLA GRASS) • DIGITARIA SCALARUM (KALANJANA) • EUCHAENA MEXICANA (TEOSINTE) • PANICUM MAXIMUM • PANICUM DILATATUM • PANICUM NOTATUM • PENNISETUM PURPUREUM (GAJAHAN) • PENNISETUM CLAUDESTINUM (KIKUYU GRASS) • SORGHUM VULGARE • SACCHARUM OFICINARUM • ZEA MAYS Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

  20. CYPERACEAE: • CYPERUS ROTUNDUS • FIMBRISTILIS ANNUA • KYLLINGA MONOCEPHALA Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan

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