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Working together to put CPS Technology on the Sustainability Table

Working together to put CPS Technology on the Sustainability Table. David E. Culler University of California, Berkeley August 2, 2011. What can we put on the table?. Sustainability?.

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Working together to put CPS Technology on the Sustainability Table

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  1. Working together to put CPS Technology on the Sustainability Table David E. Culler University of California, Berkeley August 2, 2011

  2. What can we put on the table? CPS-PI-11

  3. Sustainability? • “Sustainable development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” • Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations, 1987 CPS-PI-11

  4. Quantifying it - California Law • AB  32   • Reduce  GHG  emissions  to   1990  levels  by  2020      • Governor’s  executive  order    S-3-05  (2005) • 80%  reduction  below  1990   levels  by  2050    • Renewable Portfolio Standard • 33% renewables by 2020, 20% biopower procurement • 480  =>  80   mmT  CO2e  in  40  years • Population expected to grow from 37 => 55 million • Economic growth CPS-PI-11

  5. CPS-PI-11

  6. What it amounts to … CPS-PI-11

  7. Can we do this? CPS-PI-11

  8. But CPS-PI-11

  9. My Take … • We can’t build our way to sustainability • The discussion is focused on the Physical • New Windows, Materials, Motors, Biofuels, … • Need to make the best of what we have, or will have, and how we use it… • This takes observation, intelligence and control • Demonstrable CPS technology on the table • Efficiency & Supply-Following Loads • 10 years to innovate, 30 years to scale CPS-PI-11

  10. What’s on the Table? – buildings Deployed Demonstrated Development Research Concept CPS-PI-11

  11. 4 Part GHG Reduction Plan • Efficiency CPS-PI-11

  12. 4 Part GHG Reduction Plan • Efficiency • Electrify CPS-PI-11

  13. 4 Part GHG Reduction Plan • Efficiency • Electrify • Decarbonize the electricity • Decarbonize the fuel CPS-PI-11

  14. 4 Part GHG Reduction Plan • Efficiency • Electrify • Decarbonize the electricity • Decarbonize the fuel CPS-PI-11

  15. All required for even 60% reduction but still fall short of 80% CPS-PI-11

  16. Efficiency CPS-PI-11

  17. Electrification CPS-PI-11

  18. Low Carbon Electricity Options CPS-PI-11

  19. Build Rate CPS-PI-11

  20. The Renewables are there 43% agriculture, 3.4% urbanized CPS-PI-11

  21. The Problem: Supply-Demand Match Oblivious Loads Demand Generation Transmission Distribution Baseline + Dispatchable Tiers CPS-PI-11

  22. Load-following Supply (?) Growing proportion of renewables leads to higher price volatility. October 2008 to March 2010:>90 hours with negative prices; highest price reached: +€500/MWh, lowest -€500/MWh 494.26 €/MWh -500.02 Daily minimum price (indicated in red when negative) Daily maximum price Source: EEX spot prices. CPS-PI-11

  23. … and in CA CPS-PI-11

  24. Zero Emissions Load Balancing (ZELB) • Just the emissions from the natural gas to firm the 33% renewables exceeds GHG target • Even with 50% with natural gas & 50% with some yet-to-exist storage CPS-PI-11

  25. We Understand Supply CPS-PI-11

  26. Not demand CPS-PI-11

  27. Limits to Renewable Penetration • Variability, Intermittency of Supply • Visibility into Availability of Supply • Ability of Loads to Adapt • Algorithms and Techniques for Reactive Load Adaptation • Capability of the Infrastructure to maintain the match CPS-PI-11

  28. CPS and the 4 Part GHG Reduction Plan • Efficiency • Electrify • Decarbonize the electricity • Decarbonize the fuel Monitoring, Analysis, Modeling, Waste Elimination, Power Proportionality, Optimal Control Intelligence, Communication, adaptation in Everything ZELB. Supply-Following Loads, Energy SLA, Cooperative Grid CPS-PI-11

  29. CPS Technology … • National-scale Physical Information Service • Data collection, streaming, archiving, querying • Modeling, Analysis, Control • Representation, metadata, life-cycle • Use others’, contribute yours CPS-PI-11

  30. Some starts CPS-PI-11

  31. sMAP: Uniform Access to Diverse Physical Information PersonalFeedback Modeling ContinuousCommissioning Visualization Control Applications JSON Objects Actuation Location Storage Debugging Authentication REST API sMAP Electrical Geographical Occupancy Water HTTP/TCP Physical Information … Actuator Environmental Weather Structural CPS-PI-11

  32. sMAP ecosystem Applications sMAP Resources sMAP Gateway California ISO EBHTTP Translation Proxy Server Database sMAP sMAP Google PowerMeter sMAP EBHTTP / IPv6 / 6LowPANWireless Mesh Network Weather AC plug meter Vibration / Humidity Internet sMAP sMAP Every Building Temperature/PAR/TSR Light switch sMAP sMAP RS-485 Modbus Dent circuit meter sMAP Gateway sMAP Gateway Cell phone CPS-PI-11 Edge Router

  33. Cory CEC B2G Testbed DOP HVAC Whole Bldg MCL equip MCL infra Central vent office HVAC MCL vac inst Lab 199 HVAC Lighting servers Plug loads Parking Lot CPS-PI-11

  34. DOE MELS => Appliance Energy LBNL Bldg 90 611 of 1200 loads CPS-PI-11

  35. DOE/UCB/Siemens Auto Demand Response Sutardja Dai Hall • www.openbms.org CPS-PI-11

  36. BACNet => sMAP Sensors, Actuators Controllers Sutardja Dai Hall Internet Remote Login Siemens P2 over RS-485 sMAP Gateway Apogee Server BACnet/IP Modem CPS-PI-11

  37. Data from 1 Modern Building • 1358 control settings • Set points, Relays (lights, pumps, etc), Schedules • 2291 meters/sensors • Power (building, floor, lights, chiller, pumps,etc) • Current, voltage, apparent, real, reactive, peak • Temp (rooms, chilled water, hot water) • Air volume • Alarms, Errors • 2165 control outputs • Dampers, valves, min/max flow, fan speed, PID parameters • 72 other 4+ million Commercial, 110+ million Residential CPS-PI-11

  38. Current sMAP demography CPS-PI-11

  39. A Stream Engine insert sMAP sMAP streaming pipeline Dent circuit meter ~300k pts/sec resample query aggregate Time-series Interface Bucketing Storage mapper Compression RPC readingdb Key-Value Store SQL Page Cache Lock Manager Storage Alloc. MySQL CPS-PI-11

  40. Scaling Out in the Cloud Columnar Data Storage Query TranslatorSQL  MR Map-Reduce Hadoop Analytics Workloads HBase Hive HDFS Real Time Monitoring Interactive Workloads Stream Management System CPS-PI-11 Data Processing Data Source Data Sink

  41. 15,000 pts and growing… CPS-PI-11

  42. CPS Technology • National-Scale Physical Info Service • Software foundations, platforms and solutions for Energy Efficiency and Agility CPS-PI-11

  43. Stages of Energy Effectiveness • Waste Not • Do Nothing Well !!! • Power Proportionality • Peak Performance : Power => Safety • Optimize Partial Load - from nothing to peakl • Sculpting • Identify the energy slack and utilize it • Negotiated Grid / Load / Human Interaction • Plan, Forecast, Negotiate, Manage CPS-PI-11

  44. Our Buildings Lighting HVAC IT and Plug Load PDUs, CRACs Servers CPS-PI-11

  45. Power-Proportional Buildings ? 950 KW 1150 KW Cory Hall: Office + Semiconductor + IT Min = 82% of Max CPS-PI-11

  46. Power-Proportional Buildings ? 2.02 MW 1.45 MW Stanley Hall: Office + BioScience - 13 NMRs Min = 72% of Max CPS-PI-11

  47. Power-Proportional Buildings ? 202 KW 62 KW LeConte Hall: Office Min = 31% of Max CPS-PI-11

  48. Re-Flash the HVAC … Whole Bldg LoCal + ActionWebs inst Lab 199 HVAC CPS-PI-11

  49. Learning-based Model Predictive Control • Mathematical model from Newton’s law of cooling • Model identified using semi-parametric regression time constant of room heating from occupants and equipment weather dT/dt = -krT- kcu(t) + kww(t)) + q(t) change in temperature over time AC cooling Temperature: Experimental (blue) Simulated (red) Heating from occupants and equipment (Aswani, Master, Taneja, Culler, Tomlin, Proc. of IEEE, 2011) CPS-PI-11

  50. Living Lab… • LBMPC saved • 30% energy when hotter outside • 70% energy when cooler outside • Standard MPC was inconsistent • Two-position control was inefficient CPS-PI-11

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