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Translation Introduction

Translation Introduction. Teaching Plan. Teaching Contents: 1. An introduction to the course of translation 2. An introduction to the definition of translation 3. An introduction to the varieties of translation 4. An introduction to the characteristics of translation

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Translation Introduction

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  1. Translation Introduction

  2. Teaching Plan Teaching Contents: • 1. An introduction to the course of translation • 2. An introduction to the definition of translation • 3. An introduction to the varieties of translation • 4. An introduction to the characteristics of translation • 5. An introduction to the categories of translation • 6. An introduction to the nature of translation • 7. An introduction to the importance of translation theory and techniques • 8. An introduction to the useful information of translation

  3. Teaching Plan Teaching Aims: • To make students aware of what the course is about and the way to learn it well. Teaching Focus: • The nature of the translation and the way to learn translation Teaching Methods: • Discussion (group work, then class work) and teacher-oriented lecturing Teaching Approaches: • Multi-media aided. Teaching Procedures:

  4. Warming-up Questions for discussion: 1. What is translation? 2. What is the nature of translation? 3. What are the characteristics of translation? Describe it in detail, please. 4. How many categories do you think translation can be divided into, and what are they? 5. What are we going to learn in this course? 6. What is translation theory and what are translation techniques? What is the relationship between them? 7. Which is easier, translating or speaking and writing? 8. As a translator, what competence should you have? Can you describe it in detail? 9. How can we learn the course well?

  5. 1.1 The definition in the old days • “译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”——贾公彦(618-907) 唐朝 • “夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”——法云(960-1279) 宋代 • The British scholar Dr. Samuel Johnson once said: “To translate is to change into another language, remaining the sense.”

  6. 1.2 Current Definitions of translation • Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ------Nida • 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体. 奈达定义的三个优点： • 明确地说明了要译的是什么（信息message） • 暗示了由于语言文化上的差异，原文和译文只能做到相对的对等（closest） • 考虑了译文的可接受性

  7. 1.2 Current Definitions of translation • A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. ------Tytler • 译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调应与原语的性质相同。译文应像原文一样通顺流畅。 • Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). --- Catford

  8. 1.2 Current Definitions of translation • 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。 ---张培基（1980） • “翻译就是把依照语言地言语产物在保持内容方面（也就是意义）不变地情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物地过程。” ---巴尔胡达罗夫（《语言与翻译》 1985 中文版）

  9. 1.2 Current Definitions of translation • Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. • (Translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. --- Peter Newmark

  10. 1.2 Current Definitions of translation • The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). ------Prof. Huang Long Translatology • 翻译可作如下界定： 用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料. • Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. --- Malcolm Cowley

  11. 1.3 Some Definitions by Modern Translation Theorists • “A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds.” ---Gideon Toury

  12. “Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.” ---Christiane Nord

  13. “Translation is an externally motivated industrial activity, supported by information technology, which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication.” ---Jean Sager

  14. “翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。” ---吕俊

  15. “翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。”“翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。” ---沈苏儒

  16. “翻译是两个语言社会(language community) 之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的主要是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。” ---张今

  17. In summary • Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families. • Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is a science, an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication. • Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. • Translation is a kind of science because it was a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating.

  18. 1.4 Varieties of translation • Interpretation and written translation • SL and TL: Interlingual translation, Intralingual translation, Intersemiotic translation • Style: political essay, practical writing, science and technology, literary translation

  19. 1.5 Categories of translation In terms of languages, it can be divided into two categories: From native languages (source languages) into foreign languages (source/target languages) or vice versa; In terms of mode, it can be divided into oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation; In terms of materials to be translated, there is translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc., and translation of practical writing ( as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, receipts, etc.). In terms of disposal, it can be either full-text translation (全文翻译), abridged translation (摘译), or adapted translation (编译).

  20. 1.6 Characteristics of translation • You have to express what others say or write. • Translators have no right to correct or alter what the original writer has written, such as the content, the structure the style, the selection of words, etc. You have to translate in the original style, with the original feeling. No alteration is allowed when translating. • Translators have to understand the original work or materials fully before translating. The process for a translator to work is: a. To understand b. To express in the target language • To avoid the interference of the original language. Different languages have different cultures, different ways of expressing ideas. The collocation of words, sentence structures, figure of speech in the original language may be different from those in the target language. So a translator should not only try to stick to the original meaning but also make your translation meet the customary expressions in the target language.

  21. 译者的素养 • 彦琮“承袭道安的思想”，“总结历代译事经验”，提出了合格译者的八项条件： • 热爱佛法，不怕耗时长久； • 忠实可信，不惹旁人讥疑； • 通达旨意；不存暗昧疑点； • 射猎经史，不令译文疏拙； • 度量宽和，不可武断固执； • 淡于名利，不求哗众取宠； • 精通梵文，不失原文义理； • 兼通汉语，不使译文失准。

  22. 2. Nature of translation • When referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by. • When referred to some specific pieces of translation, it is like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator; • When referred to a process, in which something is translated, it is a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides it entails a lot of practice---particular craftsmanship and skills which are displayed by touches of different translators.

  23. 3.1 Definition to Translation theory and techniques • Translation theory refers to the study of the internal inherent laws of translation, the finding of the problems often met with in translating and the solutions to them. (It also helps people to understand the laws and solve different kinds of problems in their translation.) • Translation techniques refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their long-time translating work, which include diction (选词用句), amplification (增词), omission, repetition, conversion, restructuring (重组), negation (正说反译, 反说正译), division(长句拆译), etc.

  24. 3.2 The relationship between translation theory and techniques • Translation theory refers to the laws to help people to understand the laws and solve different kinds of problems in translation, while translation techniques refer to the experience people have accumulated in their practice of translation. Techniques are important, but they are not panacea. Different kinds of materials to be translated require different stresses in their rendition. For example, scientific materials stress their preciseness, novels and stories, their plots and characters, etc. We must master the translation theory to guide our translation work. (the teacher’s opinion) • In the point view of Eugene A. Nida, the famous American translator, “translation practice without an adequate theory produces only haphazard results, while theory without practice is completely sterile” (Nida, 1969). (缺少理论指导的翻译是随意的翻译, 离开实践的理论是毫无根据用处的理论。)

  25. 4. What competence should you have? • A. To master the foreign language (the target language) in order to fully and correctly understand the materials which you are to translate. • B. To master your native language (the source language) in order to express the original meaning well, and also to fully understand the original article before you translate. • C. To be well learned—to learn as much general knowledge as possible in order to select the most proper words in translating and to make your translation more smooth and natural. • D. To have a very good attitude towards the translation work. This is also very important. You can never too careful in your translation. Only in this way can you do your translation well.

  26. 5. Methods for learning the course • We have to learn the theory and the techniques of translation well, besides, we have to do much practice. Only through practice can we improve our ability in translation. • In this course the students have to be divided into pairs, groups for classroom activities and homework. Everyone has to preview the lesson, take an active part in the discussion and do the homework as required carefully.

  27. Exercises • He is easily the best student in the class. • 他很容易地成了班上最好的学生。 • 他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。（他比班上别的学生要好得多。） • The stranger robbed his wife. • 那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。 • 那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）。 • I can’t agree more. • 我不能同意更多了。 • 我完全同意。（我举双手赞成。）

  28. They gave the boy the lie. • 他们对男孩说谎。 • 他们指责男孩说谎。（他们指责男孩编造的这个谎言。） • This is a very good price. • 这是一个非常好的价钱。 • 真便宜。 • She sighed for her mother. • 她为她母亲叹了一口气。 • 他很怀念母亲。（她渴望见到母亲。）

  29. Her mother died of difficult labor. • 她母亲劳累而死。 • 她母亲死于难产。 • I won’t do it to save my life. • 为了救自己的命，我不会干。 • 我（宁）死也不干。 • I dare say he is honest. • 我敢说他是诚实的。 • 我认为/我看/我觉得他是诚实的。

  30. I have no opinion of him. • 我对他没有看法。 • 我觉得他不怎么样？ • Their panic was their only punishment. • 惊恐是他们受到的唯一处罚。 • 他们只是受了一场虚惊。（有惊无险） • Do you have a family? • 你有家吗？ • 你有孩子吗？

  31. He was then bright in the eye. • 那时他眼里放出了光芒。 • 此时他已（喝得）酩酊大醉。 • Calculation never makes a hero. • 计算界从来没有造出英雄。 • 举棋不定永远成不了英雄。

  32. 6. Reference Books for Translating Practice • Dictionaries:《汉英大词典》 《新世纪汉英大词典》 《汉英科技大词典》 • Magazines: 《中国翻译》 《中国科技翻译》 《上海翻译》 《英语世界》 • Newspapers:《 21世纪报》 《北京周报》 《中国日报》 《今日中国》

  33. 7. Useful Websites • 翻译人才网http://cntranslators.com.cn • 中国自由翻译人网http://www.china-linguist.com/ • 中国翻译网 www.chinatranslate.net • 译林网http://www.yilin.com/cn/ • 中国译协网 www.tac-online.org.cn • 人民日报网www.peopledaily.com.cn/ • 联合国网 http://www.un.org/english/ • 汉英双语网站http://www.bilinguist.com • 香港中文大学翻译系http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/tra/ • 中华翻译http://wwwstaff.murdoch.edu.au/~ysang/chinatranslators.htm • 中国翻译家联盟http://www.translator.com.cn

  34. 8. Exams of Translation Certificates • 全国外语翻译证书考试（NAETI） National Accreditation Examinations for Translators and Interpreters 由教育部考试中心和北京外国语大学合作举办。网址：www.bfsu.edu.cn和 www.neea.edu.com • 全国翻译资格考试（CATTI） China Aptitude Test for Translators and Interpreters 由国家人事部统一规划，中国外文局组织实施，网址是:www.wwjtraining.com

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