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Adaptations:

Adaptations:. Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture – art, religion Skin Colour. Habitual Bipedalism.

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Adaptations:

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  1. Adaptations: Bipedalism Brain Size Hand Functions Teeth – size and shape Social Structures Reproduction Mother-Infant Relationship Communication Culture – art, religion Skin Colour

  2. Habitual Bipedalism • Bipedalism – to habitually walk on two legs. Humans only primate with this adaptation • What had to happen for us to stand up straight?

  3. Bipedalism… • Structural changes required for us to walk upright: • S-shaped spine • Double arched foot • Pelvis – shorter and wider • More gluteus muscles • Fewer head / neck muscles – therefore a bigger brain

  4. Advantages of Being Bipedal • Free hands for carrying • Can walk longer distances • Can have a continuous good view of surroundings

  5. Disadvantages of Being Bipedal • Highly dangerous birthing process • Offspring very dependent and weak because the skull must grow outside of the womb

  6. Hominids and Brain Size • Humans have the largest brain for our body mass compared to other mammals

  7. Refinements in Hand Structure - • A fully opposable thumb gives the human hand its unique power grip (left) and precision grip (right).

  8. Tooth Size Comparison

  9. Hominid (human), Primate differences:

  10. Hominid (human), Primate differences

  11. Hominid (human), Primate differences

  12. Hominid (human), Primate differences

  13. Culture Dagger Carvings – Stonehenge http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pXtHqAGN6E Horse in world's oldest painted prehistoric cave, 15,000-10,000 BC Lascaux, France

  14. Humanity and Our Variations • Our bodies are essentially 50 000 years old. • Now culture, not physical evolution enables us to adapt very quickly to a changing environment • Race - Cultural construct – does not physically exist

  15. Skin Colour - Legitimate Explanations for Human Variation • Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D (necessary for healthy bones – helps in the absorption of calcium) • Light skin absorbs vitamin D and burns more easily than darker skin Paler skin is found in areas further from the equator where there is less sunlight (environmental Fitness) • Skin colour (variation)

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