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Skeletal System

Skeletal System. Functions. Support Protection Movement Storage of minerals Production of blood Storage of Yellow Bone Marrow. Divisions of the Skeleton. There are 206 named bones in the human body. Each bone belongs to 1 of 2 large groups: Appendicular 126 bones Axial 80 bones.

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Skeletal System

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  1. Skeletal System

  2. Functions • Support • Protection • Movement • Storage of minerals • Production of blood • Storage of Yellow Bone Marrow

  3. Divisions of the Skeleton • There are 206 named bones in the human body. • Each bone belongs to 1 of 2 large groups: • Appendicular • 126 bones • Axial • 80 bones

  4. 5 basic types of bones: long = compact bone short = spongy bone except surface flat = plates of compact enclosing spongy irregular = variable sesamoid = develop in tendons or ligaments (patella) Sutural bones = in joint between skull bones Types of Bones Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  5. Types of Bones – classified by shape

  6. Parts of a Long Bone • Diaphysis = main part of bone • Epiphysis = one end of a long bone • Metaphysis = growth plate region, mature bone • Articular Cartilage = over joint surfaces, acts as friction & shock absorber • Medullary cavity = marrow cavity • Endosteum = lining of marrow cavity • Periosteum= tough membrane covering the bone but not the cartilage

  7. Axial Skeleton • skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles • 80 bones

  8. Vertebral Column • Backbone or spine built of 26 vertebrae • Five vertebral regions • cervical vertebrae(7) in the neck • thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) in the thorax • lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) in the low back region • sacrum (5, fused) • coccyx (4, fused)

  9. Atlas & Axis (C1-C2) • Atlas - nodding movement that signifies “yes”, supports the skull • Axis - pivotal movement that signifies “no”

  10. Typical Cervical Vertebrae (C3-C7) • Smaller bodies • Neck region • Larger spinal canal • 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae are unique • atlas & axis

  11. Thoracic Vertebrae(T1-T12) • Larger and stronger bodies • Longer • Facets or demifacets on body for head of rib

  12. Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) • Strongest & largest • Short thick spinous & transverse processes • back musculature

  13. Sacrum • Union of 5 vertebrae (S1 - S5) by age 30

  14. Coccyx • Union of 4 vertebrae (Co1 - Co4) by age 30

  15. Intervertebral Discs • Cushion like pad b/w vertebrae that absorbs shock • Permit various movements and support of the vertebral column • Fibrocartilagenous ring with a pulpy center

  16. Herniated (Slipped) Disc • Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus • Most common in lumbar region • Pressure on spinal nerves causes pain • Surgery

  17. Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column • Primary curves • thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development • Secondary curves • cervical formed when infant raises head at 4 months • lumbar forms when infant sits up & begins to walk at 1 year

  18. Abnormal Curvature Scoliosis - abnormal curvature Kyphosis - hunch back assoc. with old age Lardosis - sway back, pregnant walk Spina Bifida – congenital defect – failure of the vertebral laminae to unite, leaves nerve tissue unprotected, often leads to paralysis

  19. Thorax • Protects vital organs (heart, lungs, blood vessels) • Sternum (breastbone) • Ribs • 1-7 are true ribs (attached to sternum) • 8-12 are false ribs (vertebrochondral) • 11-12 are floating • Costal cartilages • Bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.

  20. Sternum • Manubrium- • 1st & 2nd ribs • Body • Midportion of ribs, bulk of sternum • Xiphoid • Cartilages in youth • ossifies by 40 • CPR position

  21. Ribs Fracture at site of greatest curvature. • Increase in length from ribs 1-7, thereafter decreasing • Head and tubercle articulate with facets • Body with costal groove containing nerve & blood vessels • Intercostal spaces contain intercostal muscles Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  22. The Skull • 8 Cranial bones • protect brain & house ear ossicles • muscle attachment for jaw, neck & facial muscles • 14 Facial bones • protect delicate sense organs -- smell, taste, vision • support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems

  23. The 8 Cranial Bones Frontal Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  24. 14 Facial Bones Nasal (2) Maxillae (2) Zygomatic (2) Mandible (1) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Vomer (1) Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  25. Maxillary bones • Floor of orbit, floor of nasal cavity or hard palate • Alveolar processes hold upper teeth • Cleft palate is lack of union of maxillary bones Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  26. Zygomatic Bones • Cheek bones Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  27. Mandible Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  28. Sutures • Lambdoid suture unites parietal and occipital • Sagittal suture unites 2 parietal bones Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  29. Fontanels of the Skull at Birth • Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces (soft spots) • Unossified at birth but close early in a child's life. • Fetal skull passes through the birth canal. • Rapid growth of thebrain during infancy • Eventually turn into sutures Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  30. Hyoid Bone • U-shaped single bone • Articulates with no other bone of the body • Suspended by ligament and muscle from skull • Supports the tongue & provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  31. Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral girdle • Pelvic girdle • Upper limbs • Lower limbs

  32. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Scapula and Clavicle • Clavicle articulates with sternum • Clavicle articulates with scapula • Scapula held in place by muscle only • Upper limb attached to pectoral girdle at shoulder

  33. Clavicle (collarbone) • S-shaped bone with two curves • Extends from sternum to scapula above 1st rib.

  34. Posterior Scapula Anterior Scapula • Triangular flat bone

  35. Upper Limbs • Each upper limb = 30 bones • humerus within the arm • ulna & radius within the forearm • carpal bones within the wrist • metacarpal bones within the palm • phalanges in the fingers

  36. Humerus—Proximal End • Part of shoulder

  37. Humerus --- Distal End • Forms elbow joint with ulna and radius

  38. Ulna & Radius • Ulna (on little finger side) • Radius (on thumb side)

  39. 8 Carpal Bones (wrist) • Proximal row - lat to med • scaphoid - boat shaped • lunate - moon shaped • triquetrum - 3 corners • pisiform - pea shaped • Distal row - lateral to medial • trapezium - four sided • trapezoid - four sided • capitate - large head • hamate - hooked process

  40. Metacarpals and Phalanges • Metacarpals • 5 total • knuckles • Phalanges • 14 total • 3 on fingers except thumb

  41. Pelvic Girdle and Hip Bones • Pelvic girdle = two hipbones united at pubic symphysis • Each hip bone = ilium, pubis, and ischium • fuse after birth • Bony pelvis = 2 hip bones, sacrum and coccyx

  42. Ischium and Pubis • Ischium • ischial spine & tuberosity • lesser sciatic notch • ramus • Pubis • body • superior & inferior ramus • pubic symphysis is pad of fibrocartilage between 2 pubic bones Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  43. Ilium • Iliac crest and iliac spines for muscle attachment • Iliac fossa for muscle attachment • Gluteal lines indicating muscle attachment • Sacroiliac joint at auricular surface & iliac tuberosity • Greater sciatic notch for sciatic nerve Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  44. Pelvis • Pelvis = sacrum, coccyx & 2 hip bones • Pelvic axis = path of babies head Tortora & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS

  45. Female and Male Skeletons • Male skeleton • larger and heavier • larger articular surfaces • larger muscle attachments • Female pelvis • wider & shallower • larger pelvic inlet & outlet • more space in true pelvis • pubic arch >90 degrees

  46. Female Male

  47. Lower Extremity • Each lower limb = 30 bones • femur and patella within the thigh • tibia & fibula within the leg • tarsal bones in the foot • metatarsals within the forefoot • phalanges in the toes

  48. Femur and Patella • Femur (thighbone) • longest & strongest bone in body • Patella (knee cap) • triangular sesamoid

  49. Tibia and Fibula • Tibia • medial & larger bone of leg • Weight bearing • Fibula • not part of knee

  50. Tarsus • Region of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones) • Talus = ankle bone (articulates with tibia & fibula) • Calcaneus - heel bone • Cuboid, navicular & cuneiforms

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