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Chapter 6 Biological Factors

0. Chapter 6 Biological Factors. 0. Species Heredity Genetic endowment Common to the species Governs maturation and aging Natural Selection: Genes allowing adaptation are passed on. 0. Evolution. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Species characteristics How they change over time

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Chapter 6 Biological Factors

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  1. 0 Chapter 6Biological Factors

  2. 0 • Species Heredity • Genetic endowment • Common to the species • Governs maturation and aging • Natural Selection: Genes allowing adaptation are passed on

  3. 0 Evolution • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Species characteristics • How they change over time • Main Arguments • Genetic variation exists in all species • Some genes aid in adaptation • Kettlewell’s Moths: Genetic variability provides for adaptation

  4. 0 Individual Heredity - The Genetic Code • Zygote: union of sperm and egg • 23 pairs of chromosomes • Pair: One from father one from mother • Meiosis: produces sperm and ova • Mitosis: cell-division process • Creates new cells

  5. Genes: Our Biological Blueprint • Chromosomes • threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes • has two strands-forming a “double helix”--held together by pairs of nucleotides

  6. Nucleus Chromosome Gene Cell DNA Genes: Their Location and Composition

  7. Karyotype

  8. Genes: Our Biological Blueprint • Genes • biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes • a segment of DNA synthesizes a protein • Genome • consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes

  9. 0 Genetic Uniqueness & Relatedness • Monozygotic (MZ) twins: 100% related • Dizygotic (DZ) twins: 50% on average • 2 ova fertilized by 2 sperm • Siblings: 50% on average • Parent & Child: 50% related, shared • Males: XY; Females: XX

  10. 0 Translation of the Genetic Code • Genes provide instructions for development • Eye color and other characteristics • Regulator genes turn on/off gene pairs • Adolescent growth spurt • Shut down some in adulthood

  11. Genotype A genotype refers to person’s genetic heritage.

  12. 0 Figure 3.4

  13. 0 Estimating Influences • Genetic similarity • Degree of trait similarity in family members • Shared environmental influences • Living in the same home • Non-shared environmental influences • Unique experiences (e.g., emotionality)

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  15. Psychological Disorders 0 • Schizophrenia concordance rates • MZ = 48%: DZ=17% • Affected parent increases risk: 13% • Inherited predisposition • Environmental factors – triggers • Prenatal exposure to infection suspected

  16. IDEA Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury …an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

  17. Types of Traumatic Brain Injury Closed head injury – no physical injury to the skull Open head injury – skull is fractured and membrane surrounding the brain is penetrated

  18. Possible Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia Cognitive skills Processing ability Language Academicachievement Emotions Behavior

  19. Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury Car/motorcycle accidents Falls from bicycles Shaken baby syndrome Playground accidents

  20. Epilepsy (seizure disorder) • Partial seizure – electrical charge affects only part of the brain; involuntary twitching of muscles or rapid eye blinks • Generalized • tonic-clonic – person stiffens, loses consciousness, falls, and arms and legs contract • absence (ab-sawnce) seizures – lasts up to 30 seconds; mistaken for daydreaming.

  21. Temperament – “behavioral style” – infants begin life with an inborn tendency to behave in certain ways • Activity level – how much the child moves during activities such as feeding, sleeping, and playing • Rhythmicity – the regularity the child eats, sleeps, eliminates • Approach or withdrawal - how the child initially responds to new events, people, toys • Adaptability – how quickly the child adjusts to new situations • Intensity of reaction – the amount of energy (positively or negatively) in reacting to situations • Threshold or responsiveness – the amount of stimulation to elicit a response from the child • Quality of mood – the amount of pleasant and friendly behavior as compared with unpleasant or unfriendly behavior exhibited by child • Distractibility – how much irrelevant stimuli interferes • Attention span and persistence – length of time on an activity spent

  22. Types of children • Slow to warm up child • Easy child • Difficult child The need for a goodness of fit

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