Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Nazi Anti-Semitism The “Final Solution”

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus Nazi Anti-Semitism The “Final Solution” Faces of History: Anne Frank The World Reacts The Holocaust

2. The Holocaust Main Idea During World War II, Germany’s Nazi government deliberately murdered some 6 million Jews and 5 million others in Europe. These actions became known as the Holocaust. • Reading Focus • What was the history of Nazi anti-Semitism during the 1930s? • What was the Nazi government’s “Final Solution”? • How did the world react to Hitler’s efforts to destroy European Jews?

3. At the time of Hitler’s rise to power, 9 million Jews lived in Europe. Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s problems Promoted belief of racial superiority of German people No factual basis for anti-Semitism No factual basis for claims about “master race” Many Germans found Hitler’s twisted vision appealing Germans had suffered through World War I Humiliation of Treaty of Versailles Economic crises of 1920s and 1930s Jews a convenient scapegoat, blamed for wrongs in Germany Nazi Anti-Semitism

5. Long History of Anti-Semitism • In Europe • Hostility based on religion • Under Hitler • Hatred based on race • Nuremberg Laws • Separate legal status for German Jews • Deportation • Thousands of Jews deported

7. Limited emigration options • Nazi laws left Jews without money, without property • Countries unwilling to take in poor immigrants • Aftermath of Great Depression • Nations recovering economically; jobs scarce • Strict limits set on number of Germans allowed in • 250,000 Jews trapped at start of war • Germany outlawed emigration late in 1941

8. Summarize Describe Nazi anti-Semitism in the 1930s. Answer(s): Jews had separate legal status, no citizenship and no right to hold government jobs, limited right to work and own property; thousands of Jews deported

10. The “Final Solution” • Conquered areas of Europe • Millions of Jews came under Hitler’s power • Nazi leaders adopted “Final Solution”—the deliberate mass execution of Jews • Killing begins • Brutal treatment of Jewish civilians • Forced to live in ghettos within a city • 400,000 Jews confined to Warsaw ghetto • Concentration camps • Slave labor camps set up to hold these “enemies of the state” • Cruel medical experiments • Large-scale executions with civilians gunned down

14. Einsatzgruppen Too much evidence Victims • Mobile killing units • Carried out large-scale executions • Babi Yar: a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kiev and a site of a series of massacres carried out by the Nazis during their campaign against the Soviet Union. • 35,000 Jews murdered • Germans did not want world to know • Special death camps established • Gas chambers and furnaces used • 6 million Jews died in genocidal campaign called Holocaust • Nazis killed 5 million others they considered “inferior” as well After 1941 After Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler called for the destruction of all European Jews.

16. Find the Main Idea What was the Final Solution, and how did the Nazis attempt to carry out this plan? Answer(s): Nazi leaders adopted a plan they called the "Final Solution"—the deliberate, mass execution of Jewish prisoners.

18. Reports of killings Government inaction • By 1942, people heard disturbing reports of widespread killings • Reports confirmed; no concrete action was taken • War Refugee Board established in 1944, aided 200,000 Jews • Allies primarily concerned with larger war effort • Camps and railroad lines not bombed • Apathy and anti-Semitism also contributed The World Reacts Other countries were aware of Hitler’s anti-Semitism in the 1930s. After the outbreak of war, the extent of Hitler’s brutality was shielded from the outside world. As the Allies pushed Germans back, the concentration camps were discovered, in spite of German attempts to cover up evidence.

21. Auschwitz • Actions revealed • January 1945, Soviet troops found starving survivors at Auschwitz • Evidence showed number of prisoners once held there • Buchenwald and other camps • April 1945, Americans reached Buchenwald to find thousands of corpses; remaining inmates near death • British reached Bergen-Belsen camp, finding 35,000 bodies • Scenes of horror • Hardened combat veterans unable to describe the death and destruction • Clear picture of Hitler’s control • Nazi hopes of world domination would not last

26. Summarize How did the world react to Nazi killing of Jews and other prisoners? Answer(s): At first they didn't believe them, but as the reports were confirmed, they met to discuss possible responses. In January 1944, the United States established the War Refugee Board to help rescue Jews in Europe.

27. In Germany, they came first for the Communists, And I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Communist;And then they came for the trade unionists, And I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a trade unionist;And then they came for the Jews, And I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Jew;And then . . . they came for me . . . And by that time there was no one left to speak up. Martin Niemöller