Applied SI Traceability and CLARREO IIPs

1. Applied SI Traceability and CLARREO IIPs John Dykema, Fred Best, Marty Mlynczak, Greg Kopp, Tony Mannucci, and Brian Cairns

2. Keeling Record: A Climate Success Story Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

3. Microwave Refractivity: A Climate Index Derived from the Definition of the Second Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

4. The International System (SI) of Units • Maintained in the US by NIST: • Thermodynamic standards • Optical standards • Electrical standards • CLARREO benefits from multiple links to NIST Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

5. Volcanic Solar Aerosol GHGs Total Systematic Errors in Models and Sensors Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

6. Realizing CLARREO paradigm: IIP Marty Figure: Far IR Information Content Greg Figure: SW SI Traceability Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

7. Discussion Questions Follow Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

8. Discussion Questions • What further technical advances are necessary to make each IIP flight worthy? • What systematic errors are known for IR, SW and how do we quantify them? • What are the NIST scales in the IR, SW? • What has been done in the past for the traceability of blackbodies cavities and what do we propose to do differently for CLARREO? • What is the progress on the RO Trends project, which seeks to quantify the SI traceability of GPS-RO by independent analyses of the existing measurement time series by different institutions? Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

9. Discussion Questions (Continued) • What relevant lessons have been learned from TSI studies? • What other lessons can be applied from metrology: o Electrical standards: drifts in standard volt discovered through the introduction of quantum electrical standards, a physically independent method o Assembling the updated temperature scale (ITS-90): a well-known experimental result was rejected because it could not justify its experimental error estimate o The World Radiation Reference (WRR) in Davos has discovered a long term drift that it seeks fix by introducing an SI-traceable, technology-based standard to replace the current standard which was thought to be very stable but now has been shown to drift Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

10. The CLARREO calibration strategy must ensure: • high accuracy • testing for systematic errors on-orbit • a tie to irrefutable standards What specific DS requirements must CLARREO address? Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

11. Upon what foundation must the long-term climate record for satellites be based? Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability

12. Testing Climate Models: An Analogy • Formal detection and attribution studies such as those in the IPCC-4AR test for systematic errors in climate models arising from chance agreement between model and observations • This agreement is tested to show that the historical climate simulation has a physically meaningful interpretation by testing that the model response (fingerprint) to different forcings (greenhouse gases, sulfate aerosols, volcanic aerosols, solar variation) is consistent with the observed spatiotemporal pattern in measurements • This procedure is equivalent to testing individual systematic errors on orbit via their spectral fingerprints Dykema et al.: Applied SI Traceability