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Chapter 24. Opium and Morphine. YE OLDE OPIUM REMEDIES – 18 th Century CHRONIC HEADACHE VERTIGO EPILEPSY ASTHMA COLIC FEVERS DROPSIES LEPROSIES MELANCHOLY ‘TROUBLES TO WHICH WOMEN ARE SUBJECT’. GODFREY’S CORDIAL INGREDIENTS OPIUM MOLASSES SASSAFRAS USES TEETHING AID
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Chapter 24 Opium and Morphine
YE OLDE OPIUM REMEDIES – 18th Century CHRONIC HEADACHE VERTIGO EPILEPSY ASTHMA COLIC FEVERS DROPSIES LEPROSIES MELANCHOLY ‘TROUBLES TO WHICH WOMEN ARE SUBJECT’
GODFREY’S CORDIAL INGREDIENTS OPIUM MOLASSES SASSAFRAS USES TEETHING AID RHEUMATIC PAINS DIARRHOEA
HO HO HO HO O O O O NMe NMe NMe NMe HO HO HO HO Source of Morphine • Seed capsule of poppy plants • Opium is the extract and herbal remedy • Morphine is the active principle • Morphine (16%) • Codeine (4%)
Clinical Use • Morphine is poorly absorbed orally • Potential realized with the invention of the hypdermic syringe
Clinical Use • Used as an analgesic in the American Civil War and the Franco-Prussian War • Dosing regimes and side effects poorly understood
Side Effects • Respiration • Nausea • Pupil constriction • Constipation • Euphoria • Tolerance • Dependence
Structure Determination • Current methods • Identify the atoms present • Measure the molecular weight • Infra red spectroscopy • X-ray crystallography • Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Structure Determination • Methods available • Identify the atoms present • Measure the molecular weight
Structure Determination • Methods available • Identify the atoms present • Measure the molecular weight • ‘Destroy’ morphine to simpler molecules • ‘Jigsaw puzzles’ • Propose a structure • Synthesise proposed structure
HO O NMe HO Structure 1923 MORPHINE
HO O NMe HO Structure 1923 MORPHINE
Structure 1923 HO MORPHINE O NMe HO
Structure T-Shaped molecule
Potential Binding Groups Functional groups Carbon skeleton
HO O Phenol NMe HO Ether Alcohol Amine Potential Binding Groups
HO O Phenol NMe HO Aromatic ring Ether Alkene Alcohol Amine Potential Binding Groups
Structure Activity Relationships • Mask or remove a functional group • Test the analogue for activity • Determines the importance or other wise of a functional group for activity
HO O NMe HO STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS O NMe HO
HO O NMe HO STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS HO O NMe
HO O NMe HO STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
RO O NMe H H HO SAR - The phenol moiety R=H Morphine R=Me Codeine Codeine 20% active (injected peripherally) 0.1% active (injected into brain)
SAR - The phenol moiety Notes Codeine is metabolised in the liver to morphine. The activity observed is due to morphine. Codeine is used for mild pain and coughs Weaker analgesic but weaker side effects. Conclusion Masking phenol is bad for activity
RO O NMe H H HO SAR - The phenol moiety R=Ac 3-Acetylmorphine Decreased activity • Acetyl masks the polar phenol group • Compound crosses the blood brain barrier more easily • Acetyl group is hydrolysed in the brain to form morphine
HO O NMe H H RO SAR - The 6-alcohol R=Me Heterocodeine 5 x activity
HO O NMe HO HO HO O O NMe NMe O SAR - The 6-alcohol • Activity increases due to reduced polarity • Compounds cross the blood brain barrier more easily • 6-OH is not important for binding
HO O NMe H H RO SAR - The 6-alcohol R=Ac 6-Acetylmorphine Increased activity (4x) • Acetyl masks a polar alcohol group making it easier to cross BBB • Phenol group is free and molecule can bind immediately • Dependence is very high • 6-Acetylmorphine is banned in many countries
RO O NMe H H RO SAR - The 6-alcohol and phenol R=Ac Heroin Increased activity (2x) • Increased lipid solubility • Heroin crosses the blood brain barrier more quickly • Acetyl groups are hydrolysed in the brain to generate morphine • Fast onset and intense euphoric effects
HO O NMe H H HO SAR - Double bond at 7,8 Dihydromorphine Increased activity The alkene group is not important to binding
HO O CHMe H H HO SAR - Nitrogen No activity Nitrogen is essential to binding
HO + NR= NMe O O - NR H H HO SAR - Methyl group on nitrogen NR= NH Normorphine Reduced activity (25%) No activity NR= N+Me2 No activity • Normorphine is more polar and crosses the BBB slowly • Ionized molecules cannot cross the BBB and are inactive • Ionized structures are active if injected directly into brain • R affects whether the analogue is an agonist or an antagonist
HO HO O O NR NR H H H H HO HO SAR - Stereochemistry Mirror image of morphine No activity 10% activity Changing the stereochemistry is detrimental to activity
HO O NMe H H HO SAR - Important binding interactions HBD or HBA van der Waals Ionic (N is protonated)
VDW HBD/HBA Ionic PHARMACOPHORE
VDW HBD/HBA Ionic PHARMACOPHORE
VDW HBD/HBA Ionic PHARMACOPHORE
VDW HBD/HBA Ionic PHARMACOPHORE 2.800 7.198 4.641
VDW HBD/HBA Ionic PHARMACOPHORE 2.800 19o 149.3o 7.198 4.641 11.3o
23.5o 23.5o