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Chapter 9, part A

Chapter 9, part A. The Central Nervous System. About this Chapter. Emergent properties of the nervous system Anatomy and functions of the CNS Divisions of the brain and what each controls Integration of complex pathways for behavior Language, memory and others.

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Chapter 9, part A

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  1. Chapter 9, part A The Central Nervous System

  2. About this Chapter • Emergent properties of the nervous system • Anatomy and functions of the CNS • Divisions of the brain and what each controls • Integration of complex pathways for behavior • Language, memory and others

  3. Evolution of the Nervous System • Nerve net – jellyfish • Simple brain & nerve cord – flatworm • Brain & nerve cord with ganglia – earthworm • Increasing forebrain – fish, bird & human • Olfactory – fish • Complex behavior – birds • Reasoning & cognition – humans

  4. Evolution of the Nervous System Figure 9-1: Evolution of the nervous system

  5. Embryonic Development of Nervous System • Neural plate to neural tube • Neural crest–PNS • Anterior forms brain • Forebrain • Midbrain • Hindbrain • Hollow ventricles • Spinal cord Figure 9-2: The embryonic nervous system develops into a hollow tube

  6. Embryonic Development of Nervous System Figure 9-3 a-c: The neural tube specializes into the six major regions of the nervous system.

  7. Central Nervous System: Overview • Brain • Spinal cord Figure 9-4a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System

  8. Protecting the Brain • Hair, skin, cranium • Venous sinus blood • Meninges • Drua mater • Arachnoid membrane • Pia mater • Cerebrospinal fluid Figure 9-4b, c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System

  9. Cerebrospinal Fluid • From coracoid plexus • Fills ventricles & subarachnoid • Fluid pillow floats brain • Exchange transport • From blood • To brain tissue

  10. Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 9-5: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Cerebrospinal Fluid

  11. Blood Brain Barrier • Extensive capillaries & sinuses • Tight junctions: limit permeability • Astrocyte foot processes: secrete paracrines • Protects brain: hormones & circulating chemicals • Many glucose transporters Figure 9-6: The blood-brain barrier

  12. Spinal Cord Regions • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar • Sacral Figure 9-4a: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Central Nervous System

  13. Spinal Cord Organization • Gray matter: mostly cell bodies • Dendrites & terminals • Spinal reflex integrating center • White matter • Bundles of myelinated axons • Ascending tracts – sensory • Descending tracts – motor • Dorsal roots • Ventral roots

  14. Spinal Cord Organization Figure 9-7: Specialization in the spinal cord

  15. Brain Overview • Trillion interneurons fill the brain • Up to 200,000 synapses each • Brain divisions • Cerebrum • Diencephalons • Midbrain • Cerebellum • Pons • Medulla oblongata

  16. Brain Overview Figure 9-9b, c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Brain

  17. Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla • Many cranial nerves enter • Pyramids – nerve tracts crossover • Midbrain – eye movement control • Pons – breathing, signal relay • Medulla – involuntary functions • Examples: Blood pressure, vomiting • Reticular formation: • Network in brain stem • Arousal, sleep, pain, & muscle tone

  18. Brain Stem Overview: Midbrain, Pons & Medulla Figure 9-9d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Brain

  19. Cranial Nerves Table 9-1: The Cranial Nerves

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