The Respiratory System

1. The Respiratory System

2. Functions of the Respiratory System • This is the body system that allows oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into the air • When you inhale (breathe in), oxygen enters the blood stream and • When you exhale (breathe out)carbon dioxide is removed from the blood • This body system works closely with the cardiovascular system to do its job

3. The Respiratory System

4. Terms to know • Pharynx Diaphragm • Larynx pneumonia • Alveoli bronchitis • Bronchi asthma • Bronchiole • Epiglottis • Trachea • Lungs • Cilia/mucus • Pulmonary • Emphysema

5. Air enters the nose, travels down the nasal passageway, down the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

6. Pharynx • A funnel shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx • This is also known as the throat • In the pharynx, both food passage and air passage cross

7. Larynx • A cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea • Also known as the voice box, because it houses the vocal cords • When air is expelled past the vocal cords, sound is produced • The length of the cords affects whether you have high or low tones- short and contracted cords=high voice, long and relaxed= lower voice • At the time of puberty, the growth of the larynx is more rapid and more accentuated in males than in females, causing the male to have a deeper voice and a more prominent Adam’s apple.

8. Bronchi and Bronchiole • The trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi which lead to the right and left lungs • The bronchi branch into a great number of secondary bronchi that lead to smaller branches called bronchioles • Each bronchiole leads to a multitude of air pockets, or sacs, called alveoli

9. Trachea • The trachea is also known as the windpipe and is a tube connects to the bronchi • It lies just above the esophagus and is held open by C- shaped cartilaginous rings • The C shape rings face the esophagus so that the esophagus can expand when swallowing • The inside of the trachea is lined with mucus as well as microscopic hair like structures called cilia

10. Cilia and Mucus Protect the Lungs • When you cough, it is because foreign material has entered the respiratory tract • What is causing the cough is the sweeping motion of cilia in the trachea,microscopic hair-like structures, which sweep away this material upward so that it leaves the body through the mouth • Mucus is a sticky substance that helps trap in foreign material that has entered the tract, which the cilia then sweep out • Together, the cilia and the secreted mucus help keep harmful substances out of the lungs

12. CILIA MAGNIFIED-they sweep about ten times a second, 24 hours a day to keep you healthy!!

13. Alveoli The alveoli are tiny, microscopic, air sacs where gas exchange in the lungs takes place. You have about 300 million per lung! They have the appearance of grape-like clusters

14. Oxygen enters the blood through the alveoli and carbon dioxide leaves the blood through the alveoli

15. The Lungs • The lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs that occupy the thoracic cavity, except for the central area that contains the trachea, heart, and esophagus • The right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes • Each lung is enclosed by a double layer of serous membrane called pleura. The pleura produces a lubricating fluid that allows the two layers to slide past each other. Surface tension holds the two pleura together when the lungs recoil during expiration

16. The right lung has 3 lobes. The left lung has 2 lobes.

19. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that closes over the trachea when you swallow, so food does not enter your lungs.

20. DIAPHRAGM A strong muscle that makes breathing possible. When the diaphragm moves downward, the lungs fill with air and the chest expands, resulting in inhalation. When the diaphragm moves upward, the air is forced out of the lungs, resulting in exhalation.

21. Emphysema • A chronic and incurable disease in which alveoli are distended and their walls damaged so that the surface area available for gas exchange is reduced • The elastic recoil of the lungs is reduced, so not only are the airways narrowed, but the driving force behind expiration is also reduced • The victim becomes breathless and may have a cough • Because gas exchange is reduced, less oxygen reaches the heart and the brain, causing the heart to work much harder to force more blood to the lungs • Lack of oxygen to the brain can make a person feel depressed, sluggish, and irritable • There is no cure- treatment goal is to slow down the progress of the disease. Treatment= exercise, drug therapy, and supplemental oxygen

23. The alveoli in someone with emphysema begin to lose their elasticity and form, and the capillaries around them begin to lose their shape • This disease is caused almost entirely by smoking

24. Which lung do you want to be doing the breathing work in your body? Emphysema Healthy lung

26. Pneumonia • Lung disease caused by a bacteria or virus • Symptoms include fever, chest pain, breathing difficulty • Treatment- bacterial pneumonia treated with antibiotics viral pneumonia requires bed rest to get better

27. Asthma Disease in which the airways narrow Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, cough, fatigue, can be fatal Asthmatics must avoid activities that trigger an asthma attack

28. Lung Cancer • Uncontrolled growth of cells that reproduce abnormally in the lungs: often caused by smoking • Treated by surgery, radiation, medicine- survival rates are very low

29. Pulmonary Edema Shortness of breath during physical activity is a sign of heart failure. Heart failure can lead to fluid leaking into the lungs. The left ventricle is unable to pump blood efficiently in heart failure. So blood begins to pool in the pulmonary circulation. This back up is under increased pressure as the right side of the heart is still pumping blood into the lungs. As a result, fluid leaks into the lungs, this is called pulmonary edema. Also, fluid retention by the kidneys causes pulmonary edema.

30. Ways to Care for your Lungs • Don’t smoke! • Avoid people or situations that would expose you to tobacco smoke in the air • Wear appropriate masks when exposed to harmful fumes • Take care of your body when you have a cold, flu, or other respiratory illness • Engage in regular aerobic type of activities, such as biking and jogging If a cough persists for more than a week, see a doctor…

31. How Does Tobacco Affect the Lungs? • It paralyzes cilia, so they don’t work as well • It causes the lungs to produce more mucus (too much can cause lung complications) • It causes red blood cells to carry less oxygen, so breathing is more difficult (carbon monoxide attaches to red blood cells and robs them of some oxygen) • It can lead to damaged alveoli (emphysema) • Tar, a carcinogen, coats the lungs • There are more than 4,000 chemicals in tobacco, of that amount, 40-60 are known carcinogens (cancer causing agents)! Each year in the U.S., approximately 400,000 people die from smoking related illnesses.

32. Nicotine is a stimulant- it speeds up heart rate and constricts blood vessels

33. Hookah Pipes- common in Middle Eastern countries But gaining in popularity here in the U.S., along with cigar bars. Hookah pipes are used with sheesha flavored tobacco, which like all tobacco products, does contain nicotine. Smoking one round of a hookah smoke is like smoking 20 cigarettes- loaded with harmful chemicals!

34. Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity

35. Ways to Care for your Respiratory System • Avoid smoking any type of tobacco • Avoid breathing in second hand smoke

36. Lung Cancer

37. Cellular Respiration Review • Cellular respiration, which produces ATP, uses the oxygen brought in the blood, and gives off carbon dioxide • Question…What is the waste product given off during exhalation?

38. Alveoli • The alveoli are surrounded by blood capillaries where diffusion takes place • Gas exchange occurs between the air in the alveolus and the blood in the capillaries • This is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide exits the blood