Discovering Planetary Systems with the Help of 30,000 New Colleagues

1. .org Finding planetary systems with help from 30,000 new colleagues. Steven M. Silverberg Univ. of Oklahoma/ NASA GSFC June 21, 2019 WISE

2. .org SCIENCE TEAM: Steven Silverberg (Oklahoma, NASA GSFC) Marc Kuchner, Michael McElwain, Deborah Padgett, David Leisawitz, Michelle Thaller, Carol Grady, NargessMemarsadeghi (all at GSFC), John Debes (STScI), Johanna Teske, Erika Nesvold, Jonathan Gagné, Alycia Weinberger (Carnegie DTM), Luisa Rebull (IPAC), Thayne Currie (NAOJ), Kevin Schawinski (EtH Zurich), Scott Kenyon (CfA), Alissa Bans (Emory), Christoph Baranec (U. Hawaii), Luciano Garcia (University of Cordoba), Dawoon Jung (ISU), John Wisniewski (Oklahoma), Jason Wright (Penn State), Ruobing Dong (Berkeley), Andras Gaspar (Arizona), ShamboBhattacharjee (Leeds) DEVELOPMENT TEAM: Chris Snyder, Ed Padget, Laura Whyte, Heath van Singel, Grant Miller, Rob Simpson CITIZEN SCIENTISTS: Fernanda Piñeiro, TadeášČernohous, Lily Lau, Guillem Mas, Milton Bosch, Joe Biggs, Doug Niergarth, Phillip E. Griffith Sr, Hugo Durantini Luca, Liam Schumm, Michiharu Hyogo, Katharina Doll, Manon Gingras, Emily Burns-Kaurin, Alex Enachioaie, Johanna Finnemann, Josh Hamilton, thousands more…and YOU? WISE

3. Telescope Review • 2-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) • Ground-based • Near-IR • ALMA: • Radio telescope • Millimeter/sub-millimeter wavelengths • Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) • Mid-IR survey satellite • 100x more sensitive than predecessors

4. Our Kuiper Belt: An alien’s view. 60 microns Kuchner & Stark 2010

5. Debris Disks: Homes of Exoplanets Planet 9 AU from star 4-11 Jupiter masses β Pictoris (Lagrange+, 2008) 19.4 pc away

6. How do we find debris disks? • Disk material absorbs light from host star • Heats up • Gives off infrared light • Infrared excess • Expected amount of IR light for star • Observed amount greater than expected

7. NASA’s WISE mission saw ~1 billion sources. Galaxies, asteroids, interstellar matter… …and a few tens of thousands debris disks/protoplanetary disks mixed in among them.

8. WISE Confusion Problem! Figure courtesy of John Debes All candidates must be inspected by eye in all available bands to remove galaxies, artifacts, asteroids, etc. Debes et al. (2011), Kennedy & Wyatt (2013), Patel et al (2014), Padgett et al. in prep.

9. WISE Confusion Problem! How Most People Handle the WISE Confusion Problem: Limit the area of sky, use color cuts, and/or cross correlate with other catalogs to reduce that ~billion to a few thousand that you can plausibly examine by eye. Then give it to a grad student to do. Alternative solution Make color cuts Get multiple thousands of people to examine things by eye Reap benefits

10. So we partnered with Zooniverse. Our Zooniverse Collaborators: Chris Lintott, Kevin Schawinski, Rob Simpson, Chris Snyder, Ed Padget, Laura Whyte, Heath van Singel > 1,000,000 users, Hooray!

11. Volunteer users watch flipbooks of images of each WISE source at wavelengths from visible (DPOSS, SDSS) to near-IR (2MASS) to mid-IR (WISE) and flag a variety of false positives (background galaxies, AGN, ISM, artifacts). Partnership betweenNASA and ZooniverseProject to visuallyinspect sources with infrared excess from AllWISE

12. Debris Disk Science Goals • Search the whole 2MASS catalog: 8x the size of any published search • Triple the number of known debris disks around ~2 Mstars (like Fomalhaut,Beta Pictoris). • Find exoplanet search targets for JWST, GPI, VLT/SPHERE, SCExAO # of stars Spectral type

13. Time (millions of years) 10 1 Gyr 1 5 Other Kinds of Disks Debris Disk Transitional Disk Young Stellar Object (YSO) Disk Water Delivery Terrestrial Planets Form Gas Giant Planets Form

14. Moving Groups • Age benchmarks for systems • Many debris and transitional disks are found in moving groups • Member identification • Astrometry and Kinematics • Age indicators in spectroscopy

15. Workflow Disk Detective Input Catalog WISE sources Color cut for excess Web site evaluation Follow-up Observations Good objects for follow-up:DDOIs Classified as “good” Detailedvetting New Disk Candidates

16. State of the Project: The Web Site • Site active for ~63 months • ~3.2 million classifications to date • 86% of all necessary classifications have been made • ~30,000 objects classified as “good” on Web site • ~10000 ready for follow-up (Disk Detective Objects of Interest–DDOIs) • More awaiting further vetting • Making data available via a catalog on the MAST archive (hosted by Space Telescope Science Institute)

17. SUPERUSERS Mid March 2014, we start getting complaints that the site is malfunctioning. “Marc: artman40 has reached 32000 classifications. He is having problems again, it seems that this happens when he is near the total of images uploaded.” Turns out we have a group of very intense “superusers” who have EACH already classified ALL the subjects that are online.

18. SUPERUSERS Our superusers made their own video tutorial for new users.

19. SUPERUSERS Thanks to Superusers, Disk Detective was translated to French, Spanish, German, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Mandarin (Simplified and Traditional) and Bahasa.

20. State of the Project: Follow-up Observations • Multiple follow-up observation campaigns • Optical spectroscopy • Hi-res near-IR imaging • IR spectroscopy • Sub-millimeter • GPI • Submitted >700 targets for follow-up observations

21. SUPERUSERS • Due to site launch delays, • our first follow-up observing • proposal deadline snuck up on us. • So we asked the superusers • for last minute help • We taught the superusers how to research targets in online • catalogs and we selected 102 spring/northern hemisphere • targets from 32,000 with help from superusers, via Google • Spreadsheet and Google Forms. • Now this is part of our routine!

22. Superuser Hugo Durantini Luca from Cordobo, Argentina introduced us to the astronomers at CASLEO observatory…

23. …and drove 12 hours across South America to help out with an observing run!!

24. Discoveries • First discovered Sirius analog (A star + WD) with a disk (Kuchner et al. 2016)

25. A New M Dwarf Disk: WISE J080822.18-644357.3 • Member of Carina moving group via BANYAN software tool • Age (~45 Myr) suggests likely debris disk • Large fractional infrared luminosityindicates a primordial(gas-rich) disk • Possibly analogous to a young Proxima Centauri? Artist Illustration: Jonathan Holden/Disk Detective

26. A New M Dwarf Disk: WISE J080822.18-644357.3 • Discovered more systems analogous to J0808 • New class of disk: “Peter Pan” disk • Mid-M stars in 45-Myr associations with substantial disks and ongoing accretion • Potentially indicates much longer life than expected for primordial disks around M stars • Longer time for planets to form? Artist Illustration: Jonathan Holden/Disk Detective

27. Next Steps • Identify more possible “Peter Pan” disks • Disk Detective relaunch to focus on moving group members • Further characterize extant data • Finish vetting the treasure trove of good objects from Disk Detective 1.0 that still have yet to be evaluated • Continue to publish follow-up observations

28. Conclusions • Lots of possible debris disks out there, waiting to be discovered • Disk Detective effectively found systems that others would miss • Including a new class of disk • Citizen scientists can actively take part in all steps of the process • Website classifications • Co-authorship on journal articles • Collecting observations • Helping us tell the world about ourtheir work

29. Young Stellar Object Disk Grain growth/planet formation in these rings? HL Tauri ALMA 870 microns ALMA partnership 2015

30. Young stellar objects are found in clusters! E.g. Arches cluster 2.5 Myr

31. These clusters and star-forming regions are located in the Galactic plane. WISE All-sky map, showing the galactic plane glowing in infrared light.