Reproductive System

1. Reproductive System Male & Female

2. Female Reproductive

3. Female reproductiveorgans: Vagina: a muscular passage that connects the cervix with the external genital organs; rugae lined Cervix:the lower part of the uterus that separates the body of the uterus from the vagina

4. Uterus: hollow, thick walled, pear shaped, highly muscular organ. • 3 parts: Body, fundus, cervix • 3”long, 2 “wide

6. Ovaries:two glands that produce certain hormones and contain tissue sacs in which eggs develop,and fallopian tubes Fimbriae: Fingerlike projections located at the opening of the fallopian tubes that sweep an egg released from an ovary into the tube

7. Menses Body Changes in late childhood to pre-adolescence. Growth of hair and breast buds Menses Begins: age varies. Usually by 15 PMS: pre menstrual syndrome: bloating, irritablility, cramping, general malaise Flow: about 80 cc per week.

8. Ovulation • Physical symptoms: • Breast tenderness • Abdominal cramps or twinges • Increased vaginal discharge • Occurs 12 to 18 days after the cycle begins • Ovum erupts, swept into Fallopian tubes via the fimbriae

11. Common Diseases of the Reproductive System - Females Amenorrhea/Dysmenorrhea Etiology: absent or painful menstruation; may be due to many different causes Signs and symptoms: lack of menstrual period/pain during period Diagnostic tests: physical exam, hormone levels, imaging, exploratory surgery Treatments: hormones, NSAIDS, surgery, treat underlying conditions Endometriosis Etiology: implantation of endometrial tissue in pelvic cavity; cause unknown Signs and symptoms: hematuria, dysuria, painful intercourse and excessive menstrual bleeding; increasing painful periods; lower back, vaginal and abdominal pain Diagnostic Tests: patient history and exam, laparoscopic exam

12. Common Diseases of the Reproductive System - Females • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome • Etiology: ovaries produce too much testosterone and estrogen, but too little progesterone • Signs and symptoms: multiple cysts on ovaries, hormonal abnormalities, infertility, obesity and insulin resistance; failure to ovulate, excess facial hair, and irregular menstrual cycles • Treatments, mainly symptom relief: weight control; birth control pills to regulate woman's menstrual cycle; treat hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia if present

13. Cervical Cancer • Etiology: research shows relationship to human papilloma virus & early & frequent sexually activity; • may be genetic predisposition; most common in women ages 30-50 • Signs and symptoms: asymptomatic in early stage; watery vaginal discharge; occasional spotting of blood; later stages, foul smelling vaginal discharge • Diagnostic tests: PAP smears with microscopic examination, patient history and exam. • Treatments: cryotherapy (freezing) or laser surgery, hysterectomy (removal of uterus); radiation

14. Male Reproductive

15. Testes: gonads of men • Located in the scrotum • Covered by tunica albuginea, which divides testis into lobules containing seminferoustubules, where sperm is produced • Interstitial cells produce testosterone

16. 1 • Epididymis - a long tube that is located near each testicle. • Site of maturation and storage • epididymis is the tube in which the sperm from the testicles are removed away from the testicles.

18. Penis - external reproductive organ • Two parts, the shaft and the glans • contains the tube (urethra) that drains the bladder, and ejaculate • Foreskin: or a covering over the tip of the penis. • Circumcised: covering of skin is removed

19. Prostate gland - a sex gland in men. • Size of a walnut, surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra • It is partly muscular and partly glandular, with ducts opening into the prostatic portion of the urethra. • Prostate gland secretes a slightly alkaline fluid that forms part of the seminal fluid 

20. Scrotum - the bag of skin that holds and helps to protect the testicles • the temperature of the testicles needs to be cooler than the inside of the body, for sperm production. This is why the scrotum is located outside of the body. • seminal vesicles - the sac-like glands that lie behind the bladder and release a fluid that forms part of semen.

21. Urethra - the tube that allows urine & semen to pass outside the body. • Sphincter in bladder closes to allow semen to pass without mixing with urine

22. Vas deferens - where the sperm is stored • a tube that carries the sperm out of the scrotal sac. • The vas deferens is between the epididymis and the urethra and connects these together.

24. Common Diseases of the Reproductive System - Males Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Etiology: many underlying causes Signs and symptoms: inability to maintain erection (problem lasts three months or more) Diagnostic tests: exam, blood work Treatments: medication, counseling Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Etiology: unknown, age related hormone changes perhaps Signs and symptoms: lower urinary tract symptoms similar to UTI or overactive bladder Diagnostic tests: exam, blood work, rule out other causes Treatments: medication, surgery

25. Common Diseases of the Reproductive System - Males • Prostate cancer • Etiology: uncontrolled growth of prostate cells which can spread • Signs and symptoms: lower urinary tract symptoms similar to UTI or overactive bladder • Diagnostic tests: exam, blood work, rule out other causes • Treatments: prostatectomy, chemotherapy, etc.