Instructional Focus Document Notes Grade 8/Social Studies

1. Instructional Focus Document NotesGrade 8/Social Studies UNIT: 06 TITLE: Early Republic Part 1: The New Nation

2. The New Nation • The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in December of 1791. • George Washington was elected the first President of the United States of America.

3. Washington’s Cabinet • Washington as the first President would be responsible for establishing many precedents. • He established the first Presidential Cabinet (administration) with heads of executive departments.

4. Federal Judiciary Act • He also oversaw the establishment of the Court System with the passing of the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789. • Under the new Constitution, the Authority of the National Government needed to be established and defined

5. Hamilton and the Bank • Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton to head the new Treasury Department. • The United States needed to create a stable economic system • Hamilton wanted to install a National Bank.

6. Hamilton and the Bank • He was also in favor of implementing protective Tariffs and quickly repaying our Revolutionary War debt.

7. Hamilton and the Bank • Thomas Jefferson and the other Anti-federalists argued that a National Bank would be unconstitutional. • Hamilton pointed to the “Necessary and Proper clause” in the Constitution

8. The Elastic Clause • The “Necessary and Proper Clause” in the constitution gives the government the power to… “Make all laws which are necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all together powers vested by this Constitution”…. • This clause became known as the “elastic clause”, because it could be stretched to fit any meaning.

9. Elastic Clause • Both Hamilton and Jefferson used the clause in their arguments. • In the end, Washington sided with Hamilton and the National Bank was established, becoming very successful.

10. Hamilton and the Economy • Alexander Hamilton played a vital role in the early economic system of the United States. • He advocated (supported) a “Free Enterprise” system with minimal government intrusion. In other words, allow businesses to help build the nations economy without fear of the government taxing them heavily making regulations and limiting what they can do.

11. Federalists vs. Anti-federalists • The first two political parties in the United States formed because of the disagreements over the role and strength the new Federal government would have. • Federalists and Anti-federalists also disagreed about the future direction of the United States.

12. Federalists vs. Anti-federalists • Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton and John Adams wanted the United States to become a leader in research and technology to become an industrial giant.

13. Federalists vs. Anti-federalists • Anti-federalists such as Thomas Jefferson and George Mason wanted the United States to remain an agrarian society. (farmers)

14. Federalists and Tariffs • Federalists also favored protective tariffs. These are taxes placed on imported goods that help protect American manufactured products by making foreign made products more expensive. • Taxes allow the government to create more programs and infrastructure that benefit the economy and the citizens.

15. Federalists vs. Anti-federalists • Anti-Federalists wanted an expansion of States’ Rights • Federalists wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution while,.. • Anti-Federalists wanted a strict interpretation.

16. Jay’s Treaty • In Europe, England and France were still at war with each other. • Many American merchant ships were being seized by both nations. • England had also not fully removed themselves from American soil as laid out in the Treaty of Paris 1783.

17. United States 1783

18. Jay’s Treaty • Washington sent John Jay back to Europe to negotiate another treaty with the British, so that England would recognize American neutrality and leave American shipping alone. • Jay was only successful in getting England to: a.) abandon their forts in the western U.S. and b.) allow American merchant ships to trade in Asia.

19. Jay’s Treaty • England still refused to accept American neutrality and continued to seize American ships. • American merchants were also shut out of the West Indies trade.

20. Jay’s Treaty • Many Americans felt this new treaty was an insult and were angry • But Washington signed the treaty, anyway, because he knew the United States could not fight another war with Britain.

21. Washington’s Farewell Address • Washington served two terms as President before he stepped down from office. • By the end of his presidency the two dominant political parties were the Federalists and Anti-federalists. • The Anti-federalists had now changed their name to the Democratic-Republicans.

22. Washington’s Farewell Address • In his farewell address, Washington urged America to stay neutral in foreign affairs. • He also stressed unity among ALL Americans regardless of their home state.

23. A New Capital • Designs for a new capital city were planned on the banks of the Potomac River.

24. A New Capital • Pierre Charles L’enfant was commissioned to design the new Capital city

25. A New Capital • Construction on the White House began in 1793. • Construction on the Capitol building itself began a year later. • Philadelphia would serve as the Nation’s Capital until Washington D.C. was finished.

26. Hamilton and Jefferson • Disagreed on many things including the war between England and France.

27. Hamilton and Jefferson • Hamilton supported England. • Jefferson admired the French since the French were going through their own democratic revolution • They both supported rival newspapers and used these papers to attack each others credentials. • Hamilton could never be President because he was not native born.

28. Hamilton and Jefferson • James Madison had been a leading Federalist, but he changed his views and became a Democratic-Republican.

29. Whisky Rebellion • Federalists controlled Congress during Washington’s and Adams’ Presidency. • Farmers started a revolt over a stiff tax on grain used to make alcohol • Washington with Hamilton by his side, rode out to put down this uprising.

30. Adams’ Presidency • John Adams was elected the 2nd President of the United States. • Adams was attacked continuously by the Democratic-Republican party.

31. Adams’ Presidency • Hamilton did not like Jefferson or even Adams for that matter and he urged Thomas Pickney to run for President. (Hamilton would be pulling the strings in that Presidency) • When voters caught wind of Hamilton’s scheme, the voted for Jefferson. • John Adams barely won the Presidency to become the second President of the United States.

32. Adams’ Presidency • Thomas Jefferson became the Vice President.

33. French Revolution and the XYZ Affair • France had fallen into a terrible and bloody revolution. • Chaos and anarchy reigned in France even though they managed to still maintain a war with England

34. French Revolution

35. French Revolution • After years of chaos and the “reign of terror” the French Revolution gradually calmed down when a young general from the army took control of the country • He was Napoleon Bonaparte.

36. XYZ Affair • Jay’s Treaty had made the French furious so the French began seizing American ships. • President Adams sent Charles Pinckney Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to France to meet with the French foreign minister Talleyrand

37. XYZ Affair • Talleyrand wanted an apology from John Adams over some insulting remarks he had made. • He also wanted a “gift” from the American people in the amount of $250,000. • The American delegates exploded at this demand. Pinckney said “Not a sixpence!”

38. XYZ Affair • The Americans left France and published their letters of the incident. The names of Talleyrand and the agents were changed to X, Y, and Z. • The American public became outraged at the “bribe”

39. XYZ Affair • Americans wanted a war with France • Congress even began to raise money for war. • President Adams was smart. He knew that Emperor Napoleon of France could destroy the young United States.

40. Alien & Sedition Acts • Napoleon was a military genius who had already conquered much of Europe. • Instead the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.

41. Alien & Sedition Acts • These laws attacked foreigners who were living in the United States. (Namely the French) • The laws stated that the government could arrest anyone who was a threat to national security. • The laws also outlawed open criticism of the President. • This violated the 1st Amendment.

42. Alien & Sedition Acts • The Democratic-Republicans used this to their advantage and labeled John Adams and all Federalists as tyrants. • John Adams did not win his re-election bid and Thomas Jefferson became the 3rd President • The Alien & Sedition Acts had ruined Adams reputation.

43. Nullification • Jefferson had suggested earlier that states should have the right to dismiss or “nullify” laws passed by the federal government if that law was not beneficial to the state. • This notion was quickly repealed because the act of nullification would destroy the power of the federal government.

44. Barbary Pirates • Jefferson began military cutbacks even though the United States did go to war in the Mediterranean Sea against the Barbary Pirates. • The Barbary Pirates had for years attacked any trade ships that sailed in the Mediterranean. • They demanded that countries pay a tribute so their ships would be left alone.

45. Barbary Pirates • The United States refused to pay tribute and when the pirates attacked U.S. ships, the United States went to war with the pirates. • After several years, the pirates left American ships alone.

46. Louisiana Purchase • After Napoleon had conquered Spain, he took back the Louisiana Territory. • He also landed 20,000 French troops to re-take the island of St. Dominique (Haiti), that was overthrown by Toussaint L’Overture

47. Louisiana Purchase • The French took half the island before succumbing to yellow fever. • Napoleon needed money to finance his wars as he tried to conquer all of Europe and the world

48. Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans for 10 million dollars. Talleyrand offered Livingston the entire Louisiana region for 15 million. • Livingston accepted the offer.

49. In 1803, The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

50. Louisiana Purchase • The addition of the Louisiana territory was a great success in Jefferson’s presidency.