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  1. http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg Cellular RespirationCampbell Chapter 9Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm& Dr. Chuck Downinghttp://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx

  2. http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants used ________________ trap energy from __________ and make ______________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS sunlight food (glucose) http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif

  3.  Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif In this chapter we will learn how ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms. HETEROTROPHS GLUCOSE We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm

  4. In this chapter, we will learn how this glucose is ____________ by organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ broken down energy ATP What kind of organisms do this?

  5. ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel Animals (Including humans) plants bacteria fungi

  6. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6 CO2 ___________ + _________ + ___________ →_______________ + __________ 6 H2O C6H12O6 6O2 CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 6 CO2 _____________ + _________ →________ + __________ + __________ ______________________________________________________________ 6O2 6 H2O The two equations are exact opposites!

  7. http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpghttp://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms REMEMBER: OIL RIG OXIDATIONREDUCTION Is Loss of electronsIs Gain of electrons Remove H Add H Releases energy Stores energy Exergonic Endergonic OXIDATION REDUCTION

  8. slowly many steps CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ in ________________. If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! light and heat http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif

  9. THE BIG PICTURE PLAYED OUT BEFORE YOUR EYES... http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html

  10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step • Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP • Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen

  11. Link to Example of Coupled Reaction with Delta G Values Look at middle of page Titled “How Free Energy Works” section: delta G values are shown for ATP hydrolysis and NADH http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/Cytochromes/cytochromes.html

  12. DOUBLE MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ membrane Outer membrane & Inner membrane (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ CRISTAE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MATRIX

  13. Text ATP Synthase inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions; therefore creates a force/charge gradient or voltage difference; electropotential.

  14. HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS FAD → FADH2 NAD+→ NADH http://courses.bio.indiana.edu/L104-Bonner/Sp12/imagesSp12/L16/MPs.html GREAT ANIMATION OF ELECTRON PUSH!! WATCH THIS!!

  15. The first step in cellular respiration • = _______________ • Also called • _________________________________ • happens in the ________________ • outside the mitochondria • occurs _________________________ GLYCOLYSIS See glycolysis movie http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/glycolysis.html Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway CYTOPLASM with or without oxygen

  16. PREPARATORYPHASE(energy investment) Steps – A fuelmolecule is energized,using ATP. Glucose 1 3 • Details of glycolysis Step 1 Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Fructose-6-phosphate 3 Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Step A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Arraugh! Like, this is way hard! ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 5 Step A redoxreaction generatesNADH. 5 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules) 6 Steps – ATPand pyruvic acidare produced. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules) 6 9 7 2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules) 8 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate(2 molecules) 9 Pyruvic acid (2 moleculesper glucose molecule)

  17. Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ LYSIS= ___________ ) Requires ____________to get it started. sweet Split apart ENERGY

  18. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond of a substrate (likeglucose) to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient. (glycolysis is substrate-level phosphorylation and NOT very efficient) MITOCHONDRION

  19. = ANAEROBIC PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC

  20. Cellular respiration • Kreb’s Cycle: • mitochondrial matrix; • pyruvate → CO2 • NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen • Glycolysis:cytosol; glucose → pyruvate

  21. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA produced For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Coenzyme A (from B vitamin) Krebs Cycle Animation-

  22. Kreb’s Cycle =Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation OAA CITRIC ACID

  23. Kreb’s Cycle • Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid • CoA recycles • 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2 For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO2 released3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH;1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin);1 ATP molecule

  24. Electron transport chain

  25. ATP Synthase: The machine that keeps on turnin’........ • http://vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/atpgradient/index.htm (great animation) • Real in-vivo video of ATP synthase action in live cell: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QeHCAFKaWM8 • ATP cycle animation (slapping a phosphate on) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg • Advanced animations (awesome if you have time) scroll down to metabolic/respiration • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lx9GklK0xQg 26

  26. Why don't both electron carriers make the same amount of ATP?

  27. NADH FADH2 More on Making ATP • 3 places in the chain make ATP • Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.

  28. Electron transport chain • ETC includes Cytochromes Ubiquinone (Q) • NADH & FADH2 pass electrons pass down ETC • Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ ions in __________________ • ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) • ________ is final electron acceptor → ________ intermembrane space ATP synthase H2O Oxygen

  29. Cellular Respiration Grand Total • Glycolysis:→2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP

  30. = ANAEROBIC WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC

  31. Related metabolic processes Fermentation: • alcohol~ pyruvate →ethanol • lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate

  32. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ • Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise • CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread • Alcohol evaporates during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg

  33. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID ALCOHOL CO2 NAD+ Used to makealcoholic beverages http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg

  34. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing soreness http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg

  35. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION _______ +_____ →______________ + ________ PYRUVIC ACID LACTIC ACID NAD+ Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html

  36. WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID ___________ and all the _______ carriers get full. Eventually glycolysis will builds up NAD+ NAD+

  37. _______ +_____ →__________ + ______ + _____ PYRUVIC ACID → CO2 NAD+ ALCOHOL NAD+ LACTIC ACID ______ → You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going REGENERATE the NAD+

  38. FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES __________________________ = organisms that can make ATP usingeither fermentation or cellular respiration Ex: yeast and many bacteria With oxygen pyruvate → Krebs cycle Without oxygen → fermentation

  39. __________________=breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as muchATP as 1 g of carbohydrate Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel Beta oxidation=

  40. Evolutionary Significance • Most widespread metabolic pathway… suggests ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP before oxygen was present • Earliest fossil bacteria present 3.5 billion years ago but large amounts of oxygen not present until 2.7 billion years ago • Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm without membrane bound organelles suggests it was found in early prokaryotic cellssince eukaryotes appeared 1 billion years after prokaryotes (Endosymbiotic theory)

  41. VOCAB OVERLOAD ?

  42. CHEMIOSMOSIS = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions Mitochondria do itto make ATP following ETC Prokaryotes creategradient across cellmembrane to make ATPto pump nutrients & waste and move flagella http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html

  43. PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP CHLOROPLAST

  44. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane to make ATP MITOCHONDRION

  45. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient MITOCHONDRION

  46. Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration (All arrows are reversible)

  47. http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/glycolysis/glycolysis.htmhttp://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/glycolysis/glycolysis.htm

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