Environmental

1. Ch 8 and 9 Review Environmental

2. All the members of a species living in the same place at the same time. • population

3. The number of individuals per unit area or volume. • A populations’ density

4. The relative distribution or arrangement of its individuals within a given amount of space. • dispersion

5. How do scientists use properties such as size, density, and dispersion when referring to populations? • To predict changes within them

6. How does a population gain or lose individuals? • Birth, death, emigration, and immigration

7. A change in the size of a population over a given period of time. • Growth rate

8. How can the growth rate for a population be zero? • The number of births must equal the number of deaths.

9. What does it mean to say that a populations’ growth rate is negative? • The population decreases

10. How can populations remain stable when some species are capable of producing thousands of offspring? • Various factors kill individuals before they can reproduce

11. The fastest rate at which a population can grow. • Biotic potential

12. The maximum number of offspring that each member of a population can produce. • Reproductive potential

13. In what 3 ways may reproductive potential increase? • 1) when individuals produce more offspring at one time • 2) reproduce more often • 3) reproduce earlier

14. The average time that it takes a member of the population to reach the age when it reproduces. • Generation time

15. When in nature can exponential growth occur? • When populations have plenty of space and food. When they have little or no competition.

16. What limits population growth? • Limited resources • Changes in the environment • Increased competition

17. The maximum population that an ecosystem can support. • Carrying Capacity

18. A natural resource that limits the carrying capacity for a species. • Limiting resource

19. An area defended by one or more individuals against other individuals. • territory

20. The unique role of a species within an ecosystem. • niche

21. Where an organism lives. • habitat

22. What are the five major types of species interactions? • Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

23. A relationship in which different individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resource. • competition

24. When does niche restriction occur? • When each species uses less of the niche than it is capable of using.

25. An organism that feeds on another organism. • predator

26. The organism that is fed upon. • prey

27. An organism that lives in or on another organism and feeds on it. • parasite

28. A close relationship between two species in which each species provides a benefit to the other. • mutualism

29. A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped. • commensalism

30. If one species becomes extinct, and then soon after, another species becomes extinct, was their relationship most likely competition or predation? • Predation. One species consumed the other and then succumbed to extinction

31. Scientists do not all agree on the specific carrying capacity of Earth for humans. Why might this be difficult to determine? • Different amounts of land is used by different countries for the production of meats, vegetables, and grains. You also have to include aquatic farms, ponds, and indoor green houses.

32. . • What determines how a species interaction is categorized? • Whether or not a species is benefited or harmed

33. The study of human populations. • Demography

34. Why do demographers study the size and makeup of populations of countries? • To make comparisons and predictions. Economic growth, social structure, job availability, resource management.

35. How do demographers group countries? • As developed or developing

36. What are 3 characteristics of a developed country? • Higher average incomes, slower population growth, diverse industrial economies

37. What are 3 characteristics of a developing country? • Lower average incomes, simple and agriculture based economies, rapid population growth

38. Why did the human population grow rapidly in the 1800’s? • Increases in food production • Improvements in hygiene

39. The distribution of ages in a specific population at a certain time. • Age structure

40. A double sided bar graph used to analyze population age structure. • Population pyramid

41. Countries that have high rates of growth usually have more ________ people than ________ people. • Young, older

42. Countries that have slow growth or no growth usually have an _________ distribution of ages. • even

43. The percentage of members of a group that are likely to survive to any given age. • survivorship

44. What is the difference between a type I and type II survivorship curve? • Type I represents wealthy countries where people live to an old age. Type II represents poor countries where many children die.

45. The number of babies born each year per 1000 women in a population. • Fertility rate

46. The average number of children a woman gives birth to in her lifetime. • Total fertility rate

47. The movement of individuals between areas. • migration

48. The movement of individuals into an area. • immigration

49. The movement of individuals out of an area. • emigration

50. The average number of years members of a population are likely to live. • Life expectancy