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SPECIAL SENSES

SPECIAL SENSES. Eyes Ears. Medical Specialties. Audiologist audi/o = hearing) Ophthalmologist (ophthalm/o = eye) Optometrist (opto = vision metrist= one who measures) Otolaryngologist (oto =ear; laryng = larynx). EYE OD right eye OS left eye OU each eye or both. EAR

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SPECIAL SENSES

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  1. SPECIAL SENSES Eyes Ears

  2. Medical Specialties • Audiologist audi/o = hearing) • Ophthalmologist (ophthalm/o = eye) • Optometrist (opto = vision metrist= one who measures) • Otolaryngologist (oto =ear; laryng = larynx)

  3. EYE OD right eye OS left eye OU each eye or both EAR AD right ear AS left ear AU each ear or both Abbreviations

  4. Functions of Eyes • To receive images and transmit them to the brain • Opt = sight • Ocul = eye • Extraocular = outside eyeball • Intraocular within the eye

  5. EYE Opt/i opt/o optic/o ophthalm/ Lens phac/o Retina retin/o Iris ir/o ir/a irid/o irit/o Lacrimal lacrim/o dacry/o Prefixes

  6. Function of the ears • To receive sound impulses and trasnmit to the brain. • Inner ear helps maintain balance • Auditory pertaining to the sense of hearing • Audit = hearing; -ory = pertaining to • Acoustic relating to sound or hearing • Acous- = hearing; -tic = pertaining to

  7. Structures of the EyeAdnexa of the Eyes • Orbit = eye socket • Eye Muscles • Eyelids • Upper & lower • Canthus • Inner canthus • Epicanthus • Tarsus • Eyebrows

  8. Structures of the EyeAdnexa of the Eyes • Conjunctiva • Lacrimal Apparatus = tear apparatus • Lacrimal glands • Lacrimation • Lacrimal canaliculi • Lacrimal sac (dacryocyst) • Lacrimal duct = nasolacrimal

  9. Structures of the EyeEyeball

  10. Structures of the EyeSclera

  11. Structures of the EyeUveal Tract • Choroid layer or coat • Iris • Pupil • Lens • Ciliary body

  12. Structures of the EyeRetina • Rods and cones • Macula Lutea • Fovea Centralis • Optic disk • Optic Nerve

  13. Rods and cones

  14. Segments of the EyeAnterior Segment • Anterior chamber • Posterior chamber • Aqueous fluid (aqueous humor) • Trabecular meshwork • Canal of Schlemm • Intraocular

  15. Segments of the EyePosterior • Vitreous humor ( vitreous gel)

  16. Normal Action of the Eye • Accommodation • Convergence • Emmetropia (EM) • Visual Acuity • Snellen chart • First number

  17. Pathology of the EyeEyelids • Blepharoptosis • Hordeolum • Chalazion hordeolum • Dacryocystitis • Conjunctivitis • xerophthalmia

  18. Pathology of the EyeSclera, Cornea, Iris • Scleritis • Keratitis • Corneal abrasion • Corneal ulcer • Iritis

  19. Pathology of the EyeEye • Anisocoria • Cataract • Choked disk (papilledema) • Floaters • Nystagmus • Retinal detachment • Uveitis

  20. Cataract

  21. Pathology of the Eye • Glaucoma • Increased intraocular pressure • Open angle & closed angle • Macular Degeneration • Loss of central vision

  22. Pathology of the EyeFunctional Defects • Diplopia (double vision) dipl =double • Hemianopia • Monochromatism (color blindness) • Mono = one; chromat- color • Nyctalopia (night blindness) nyctal = night • Presbyopia (presby = old age) • Strabismus squint • Esotropia (eso = inward) • Exotropia (exo = outward)

  23. Pathology of the EyeRefractive Disorders • Lens and cornea do not bend light so as to focus properly on retina • Ametropia (ametr- from the eye) • Astigmatism • Hyperopia (far-sightedness) • Myopia (nearsighterness

  24. Normal sight focused on retina Myopia (nearsightedness) focused front of retina Hyperopia (farsightedness) focused beyond retina Refraction

  25. Pathology of the EyeBlindness • Amblyopia (ambly- = dim or dull) • Blindness • Legal blindness • Scotoma (blind spot)

  26. Diagnostic Eye Procedures

  27. Diagnostic Procedures of the EyeRoutine Diagnostic Procedures • Visual acuity measurement • Refraction • diopter • Tonometry • Intraocular pressure • Dialate • Mydriatic drops

  28. Diagnostic Procedures of the EyeSpecialized Diagnostic Procedures • Fluorescein staining • Fluorescein angiography (IVFA) • Visual field test

  29. Treatment ProceduresOrbit & Eyelids • Orbitotomy (orbit = bony socket) • Tarsectomy (tars = eyelid) • Tarsorrhaphy

  30. Treatment ProceduresConjunctiva, Cornea, Iris • Conjunctivoplasty (conjunctivo = conjunctiva • Corneal transplant (keratoplasty) • Iridectomy (irid- = iris) • Radial keratotomy RK (kerat = cornea)

  31. Treatment ProceduresCataract Surgery • Lensectomy • Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) • Intracapsular extraction (ICCE) • Phacoemulsification • Intraocular lens (IOL) • Aphakia • Pseudophakia

  32. Treatment ProceduresLaser Treatment • Laser trabeculoplasty – open angle • Laser iridotomy – closed angle • Retinopexy (reattach detached retina) • Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)

  33. Ears acust/o acusia/o audi/o audit/o ot/o Outer ear pinn/i Middle ear myring/o tympan/o Inner ear labyrinth/o EARS

  34. Structures of the EarsOuter Ear • Pinna (auricle) • External auditory canal • Cerumen (earwax)

  35. Structures of the EarsThe Middle Ear • Tympanic membrane (TM) eardrum • Myring/o tympan/o • Mastoid cells • Auditory Ossicles • Malleus - hammer • Incus - anvil • Stapes - stirrup • Eustachian Tubes • Oval window

  36. Tympanic Membrane

  37. Structures of the EarsInner Ear (labyrinth) • Cochlea • Cochlear duct • Organ of corti • Auditory nerve fibers • Semicircular canals • Endolymph • equlibrium • Acoustic Nerves

  38. Function of the Ear • Air conduction • Bone conduction • sensorineural

  39. Pathology of the EarOuter Ear • Impacted cerumen • Otalgia • Otitis • Otitis externa • Otomycosis (swimmer’s ear) • Otopyorrhea • Otorrhagia

  40. Pathology of the EarMiddle Ear • Eustachitis • Mastoiditis • Myringitis • Otosclerosis • Patulous eustachian tube

  41. Pathology of the EarMiddle Ear • Otitis media • Acute otitis media (AOM) • Serous otitis media • Otitis media with effusion • Escape of fluid from blood or lymph • Purulent otitis media

  42. Pathology of the EarInner Ear • Labyrinthitis • vertigo • Menière’s syndrome • Tinnitus

  43. Pathology of the EarHearing Loss • Deafness • Conductive hearing loss • Noise-induced hearing loss • Sensorineural hearing loss • Presbycusis

  44. Diagnostic Procedures of the Ear • Audiomery • Audiomenter • Speech audiometry • Evoked potential audiometer • Tympanometry • Monoaural • Binaural

  45. Treatment Procedures of the EarOuter Ear • Otoplasty

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