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Rise of Islam: Muhammad and Islamic Beliefs

Learn about Islam's origins in Mecca, Muhammad's journey, the Five Pillars, Muslim rituals, schisms in Islam, and the rise of Umayyads & Abbasids in detail.

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Rise of Islam: Muhammad and Islamic Beliefs

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  1. Warm up #10 • 1. In what present day country did the religion of Islam • form? • SAUDI ARABIA • Who is the founder of Islam? • MUHAMMAD • What is the religious celebration which includes fasting • for people of the Islamic faith • RAMADAN

  2. Rise of Islam

  3. Born in Mecca • He was troubled by all the • greed • At 40, heard a voice to become a • messenger of God. • His wife encouraged him to do • so and became his convert to • Islam “to submit to God” • People of Mecca were angered • and Muhammad out of fear • traveled to Medina in 622 • This journey is called the Hijra • People of Medina converted to • Islam and war broke out between • Mecca and Median • Muhammad won, united all Arabs • under Islam, but soon died in 632 Muhammad http://atheism.about.com/od/prophetmuhammadofislam/ig/Muhammad-Drawings-Pictures/Muhammad-Teaching-About-Islam.htm

  4. Teachings of Islam • Quran—Holy Book • Duties of Islam called • the Five Pillars of Islam • Shahada – • Declaration of faith • 2. Prayer- • At least 5 times/day • 3. Zakah- • Charity to the poor • 4. Sawm- • Fasting during • Ramadan • 5. Hajj- • Pilgrimage to Mecca

  5. Islam Rituals • Jihad- Struggle in God’s • service • Personal duty for Muslims • Sometimes interpreted as a • Holy War • Sharia- Body of laws which • interpret the Quran • Mosque- Holy building • Minaret- “lighthouse” provides • focal point for prayer Dubai-minaret http://www.public.iastate.edu/~cfford/fertile%20crescent.jpghttp://www.harrys-stuff.com/arab-gulf-dubai/dubai-images/dubai-minaret.jpg

  6. Early Challenges • Muhmmad dies in 632 CE • Who’s next???? • Abu Bakr—Muhammad’s • father-in-law becomes the • Caliph—successor to • Muhammad • The first 4 Caliphs expanded • Muslim territory • Conquered • Persians • Byzantines

  7. Factions of Islam • Abu Bakr dies in 634 CE • Ali, the 4th Caliph, Muhammad’s son-in-law, is assassinated in 661CE • Two factions emerge • Shiites • Believed that Ali and all successors should be descendants from Muhammad • Sunnis • Believe the successor should be a pious male from Muhammad’s tribe Schism in Islam http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/caliphate/abuBakr.html http://moneyjihad.wordpress.com/2012/07/03/abu-bakr-a-taxing-companion/

  8. Warm up 11 • Which Asian groups will adopt the religion of Islam? • 2. What is this building and why was it built?

  9. Umayyads • Sunni Dynasty forms • Umayyads rule the Muslim • world from 661-750 CE • Expansion of Islam • North Africa • Persia • Conquered Spain • Tried to conquer France, • but lost at Battle of Tours • Capital was Damascus • Conquered territories • Religious tolerance • Special tax for non-Muslims • Prohibited looting and • burning of cities

  10. Abbasids • Shiite Dynasty • Abbasids conquered the • Umayyads • Moved the capital to Baghdad • Ended military campaigns • Ended discrimination against • non-Muslims

  11. Foreign Invaders • Abbasids start to weaken in 850 CE • Smaller dynasties started to arise • Foreign invaders • Seljuk Turks • Adopted Islam as religion • 1050 controlled Baghdad • Fought the Crusades of • Pope Urban II • Mongolians • Adopted Islam as religion • 1258 looted Baghdad and • killed the last Abbasid • caliph • Tamerlane, Mongolian • leader invaded Russia, • India and SW Asia

  12. Muslims in India http://www.awildorchid.com/ind01096.JPG

  13. Advancing into India Muslim advances into India • Arab armies first arrived in 711 • and conquered the Indus Valley • In 1000 Muslim Turks push • farther into India and battle the • Hindu for control • The Delhi Sultanate was created • Delhi was the capital • Ruled Northern India 1206- • 1526 • Sikhism—religion which blended • Hinduism and Islam • Founded by Nanak • Would organize into an army • called the Sikhs http://www.storyofpakistan.com/images/p0206010101.jpg

  14. The Delhi Sultanate • Influence by the Persian Empire • art and architecture • Increase trade between India and • Muslim world • Foreign invaders led to the • downfall of the Sultanate • The Turk, Tamerlane, invaded • in 1398. Enslaved thousands • of Indians. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/india/history/pictures/tamerlane.gif • The Sultanate finally broke into • smaller Hindu and Muslims • states. http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/centrasia/tamerlane1400.GIF

  15. Mughal India • Mongols and Turks invade • 1526 finally conquer Delhi Sultanate • New Muslim Dynasty Forms • Babur, self-claimed descendent of • Genghis Khan and Tamerlane • establishes the Mughal Dynasty http://www.indiasite.com/gifs/babur1.jpg http://newton.uor.edu/FacultyFolder/rebecca_brown/old/arth100/empire/Mughals/mughmap.gif

  16. Mughal India • The Mughal Dynasty • Ruled India 1526 to 1857. • The height of the empire was led by • Babur’s grandson, Akbar • Economic problems and revolts • ended the Maghul reign in 1857. • Taj Mahal was built • as a tomb for the wife • of a Caliph during the • Mughal Dynasty http://www.boloji.com/history/011.jpg

  17. Ottoman Empire • Mehmet II, captured Constantinople • and renamed it Istanbul, in 1453 • The Golden Age of the Ottoman • Empire • 1520-1566 under the sultan, or • ruler Suleiman “the Magnificent” • Ottoman Empire Declines • Suleiman dies in 1566 • By 1700’s European advances in • military technology and • commerce leave the Ottomans • behind http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/the_west/ottoman-17century.jpg http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/0005c/0005c05d.jpg

  18. Safavid Empire • Safavid Empire • Located in present day Iran, • between the Ottomans and • Mughal. • Frequent wars with the Ottomans, • who were Sunnis, while the • Safavids were Shiites • Shah (King) Abbas the Great, • revived the glory of the Persian • Empire • The empire faded when Shah • Abbas died. The Qajars Family • ruled it until 1925. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer _and_engraver.jpg/250px-Shah_Abbas_I_engraving_by_Dominicus_ Custos_-_Antwerp_artist_printer_and_engraver.jpg http://dcr.csusb.edu/dny/map8.jpg

  19. Warm up 12 • 1. What are the two main factions of Islam? • What is the holy buildings and text of Islam called? • What was the first Muslim Empire in India? • Who ruled the Ottoman Empire during their Golden • Age? • Who first ruled the Mughal Empire and who led it during • its height? Shiites and Sunnis Mosque and Quran Delhi Sultanate Suleiman the Magnificant Babur and Akbar

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