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WORLD WAR II

WORLD WAR II. PART I THE ROAD TO WWII. EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA . ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS : TODAY: WHAT WAS U.S. FOREIGN POLICY BETWEEN WWI AND OUR ENTRY INTO WWII? WHAT CAUSED WWII? WHY WAS THE U.S. SO SLOW TO ENTER WWII? BROAD :

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WORLD WAR II

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  1. WORLD WAR II PART I THE ROAD TO WWII EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA

  2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: • TODAY: • WHAT WAS U.S. FOREIGN POLICY BETWEEN WWI AND OUR ENTRY INTO WWII? • WHAT CAUSED WWII? • WHY WAS THE U.S. SO SLOW TO ENTER WWII? • BROAD: • HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME THE WORLD'S LEADING SUPERPOWER? HOW DID THAT CHANGE U.S. IDENTITY?

  3. WORLD WAR II (SEPT. 1, 1939 – MAY 8, 1945 (VE DAY) AND AUGUST 15, 1945 (VJ) DAY)) • THE ALLIES –BRITAIN, [FRANCE – UNDERGROUND FIGHTERS] AND THE SOVIET UNION AND EVENTUALLY THE U.S. against • THE AXIS – GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN

  4. I. BACKGROUND: • WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) • 1. EFFECT ON GERMANY --TREATY OF VERSAILLES  GERMAN HUMILIATION AND RESENTMENT: • REPARATIONS: GERMANY TO PAY > $30 BILLION IN GOLD (REDUCED FROM OVER $50 BILLION IN 1921) • b) GERMANY MUST DEMILITARIZE -- NO TROOPS ON BORDER WITH FRANCE AND REDUCE SIZE OF MILITARY + NUMBER OF WEAPONS • POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA CREATED • * TREATY CREATED LEAGUE OF NATIONS BUT U.S DID NOT JOIN  NO ENFORCEMENT OF DEMILITARIZATION REQUIREMENT

  5. EUROPE - 1919

  6. 2. EFFECTS ON U.S.  ISOLATIONISM • a) UNPOPULAR WAR (“TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” – BUT THAT WASN’T TRUE AND EVEN IF IT HAD BEEN, FEW AMERICANS CARED ABOUT DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE) • b) CAUSED MANY DEATHS AND INJURIES • WAR: 117,465 K, 205,690 W • AND 500,000 – 675,000 DEATHS IN U.S. FROM POST-WAR FLU EPIDEMIC • c) U.S. SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY TREATY OF VERSAILLES  • U.S. NOT IN LEAGUE OF NATIONS  NO ENFORCEMENT OF DEMILITARIZATION REQUIREMENTS OF TREATY  (GERMANY FREE TO BUILD MOST POWERFUL ARMY, AIR FORCE IN EUROPE)

  7. A Weak League of Nations

  8. U.S. Foreign Policy Tensions after WWI Interventionism Disarmament • Isolationism • Nativists • Anti-War movement • Conservative Republicans • Collective security • “Wilsonianism” • Business interests SLIDE BY SUSAN POJER

  9. DURING WWI, THE U.S. BECAME A CREDITOR NATION – SUPERPOWER

  10. THE GREAT DEPRESSION WAS WORSE IN GERMANY THAN ANYWHERE ELSE DUE TO LOSING THE WAR AND THE REPARATIONS DEFLATION OF GERMAN CURRENCY: BY LATE 1923, IT WAS WORTHLESS PAPER

  11. THE DAWES PLAN (1924) AND THE YOUNG PLAN (1929) – EFFORTS TO ENSURE GERMANY COULD PAY REPARATIONS AND ALSO BE MARKET FOR U.S.

  12. VICE PRESIDENT CHARLES G. DAWES NEGOTIATED THE DAWES PLAN – WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR IT • EFFECT OF DAWES AND YOUNG PLAN (AND ALL THE OTHER LOANS TO WESTERN EURO. COUNTRIES): W. EUROPEAN , ESPECIALLY GERMAN, ECONOMIES DEPENDED ON U.S. • WHEN GREAT DEPRESSION HIT U.S., U.S INVESTMENTS IN AND LOANS TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ENDED  WORSE DEPRESSION IN EUROPE (AND HITLER WILL BLAME "JEWISH" U.S. BANKERS!)

  13. YOUNG PLAN (J.P. MORGAN JR.): 75% REDUCTION IN GERMAN REPARATIONS -- BUT STILL $ 8 BILLION OVER 58 ½ YEARS (UNTIL 1986) A GERMAN POSTER REACTING TO YOUNG PLAN: "FOR THREE GENERATIONS, YOU'LL HAVE TO SLAVE AWAY"

  14. Washington Disarmament Conference(1921-1922) • PROBLEM: 1902 ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • OBLIGATED BRITAIN TO AID JAPAN IN ANY WAR WITH U.S. • SUPPOSED SOLUTION: LET'S GET TOGETHER AND AGREE TO NAVAL DISARMANENT

  15. KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, 1929: U.S. AND 14 OTHER NATIONS, INCLUDING GERMANY AND JAPAN, AGREE TO RENOUNCE WAR EXCEPT IN SELF-DEFENSE – 62 NATIONS EVENTUALLY SIGNED • USED AS FURTHER JUSTIFICATION FOR U.S. ISOLATIONISM – BUT IT WAS JUST SOME NICE WORDS ON PAPER – NO ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM

  16. STORM CLOUDS IN ASIA: • THE SUCCESS OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION LED TO MARXIST MOVEMENTS/ REVOLUTIONS ELSEWHERE • ALL REVOLTIONS IN BACKWARD PEASANT ECONOMIES WHERE COMMUNISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE! • ONE OF THE FIRST NEW MARXIST MOVEMENTS: • 1919: “MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT” – ANTI-WESTERN, ANTI-IMPERIALIST MOVEMENT ORGANIZED TO PROTEST AGAINST TREATY OF VERSAILLES GRANTING GERMAN COLONY OF SHANDONG TO JAPAN  CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY FOUNDED 1920

  17. ULTIMATELY  CIVIL WAR BETWEEN GUOMINTANG (CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY) LED BY CHIANG KIA-SHEK AND COMMUNIST “PEASANT” ARMY LED BY MAO ZEDONG, 1927 – 1949 • KEEPING CHINA WEAK CHIANG KAI-SHEK MAO ZEDONG

  18. 1922: "FIVE-NATION PACT": U.S., JAPAN, BRITAIN, FRANCE AND ITALY • AGREED TO PACIFIC BATTLESHIP RATIO: • U.S. AND BRITAIN 5 EACH: JAPAN 3: FRANCE AND ITALY 1.67 • WESTERN NATIONS AGREED TO STOP FORTIFYING ASIAN TERRITORIES, INCLUDING U.S. PHILIPPINES • LOOPHOLE: PACT DIDN’T COVER SMALL WARSHIPS, WHICH U.S. CONTINUED TO HAVE MANY OF AT SUBIC BAY, PHILIPPINES  • INFURIATED JAPAN

  19. “ROUND ONE” IN THE PACIFIC: 1931 – JAPANESE INVASION OF MANCHURIA (MANCHURIA CRISIS) OUTHERN MANCHURIA RAILROAD AS EXCUSE TO INVADE MANCHURIA  • JAPAN SET UP PUPPET STATE OF MANCHUKUO, 1932 (NOMINALLY HEADED BY LAST QING EMPEROR PUYI) • LEAGUE OF NATION CONDEMNED  JAPAN WITHDREW FROM LEAGUE • U.S. HAD LITTLE CLOUT WITH JAPAN – IT WAS RIVAL PACIFIC POWER, ALSO • + U.S. HAD PASSED ASIAN EXCLUSION ACT, 1924 – BANNED IMMIGRATION OF JAPANESE AND CHINESE PEOPLE -- INFURIATED JAPAN

  20. JAPANESE TROOPS IN MUDKEN, MANCHURIA: A MODERN MECHANIZED ARMY

  21. 1932: HOOVER-STIMPSON DOCTRINE: • U.S. WOULD NOT RECOGNIZE ANY OTHER NATION'S ACQUISTIONS OF TERRITORY BY FORCE • THE HYPOCRISY OF IT INFURIATED JAPAN • JAPAN THEN BOMBED SHANGHAI, CHINA, INLICTING MASSIVE CASUALTIES • WORLD KNEW: ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE JAPAN MOVED FARTHER INTO CHINA

  22. U.S. LATIN AMERICAN POLICY • 1928: CLARK MEMORANDUM (U.S. SEC. OF • STATE REUBEN CLARK, FOR COOLIDGE) • U.S. PLEDGED NOT TO INTERVENE IN LATIN AMERICA • REVERSED ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE AND WILSON'S INTERVENTIONISM • WHY: EXPENSE AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE: LED TO ANTI-AMERICAN ANIMUS IN LATIN AMERICA

  23. NEW U.S. MODUS OPERANDI (M.O.) IN LATIN AMERICA: INSTALL PRO-U.S. DICTATORS (INSTEAD OF U.S. MILITARY OCCUPATIONS) • EXAMPLE: NICARAGUA – 1927 REBELLION AGAINST U.S. OCCUPATION BY BY NATIONALIST/ REVOLUTIONARY AUGUSTO SANDINO  • U.S. TRAINED NICARAGUAN TROOPS TO BACK ANASTASIO SOMOZA  SOMOZA INSTALLED, HOOVER WITHDREW U.S. TROOPS 1933, SOMOZASA RULE NICARAGUA UNTIL 1979 SANDINISTA REVOLUTION • NEW STRATEGY MADE FDR'S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY POSSIBLE

  24. 1933: GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY: "COOPERATION" (U.S. $ AID -- > $1.5 BILLION) AND NON-INTERVENTION -- NEEDED ALLIES (WAR COMING) U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE CORDELL HULL: "NO NATION HAS THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE IN THE AFFAIRS OF ANOTHER."

  25. THE RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM IN EUROPE AND THE U.S. RESPONSE

  26. FASCISM AND STALINIST COMMUNISM: TWO TYPES OF TOTALITARIANISM FASCISM STALINIST COMMUNISM STATE OWNS MEANS OF PRODUCTION COMMAND ECONOMY ONE PARTY, ONE LEADER TOTALITARIAN COLLECTIVIST JUSTIFICATION: GLORY OF “THE PEOPLE,” “WORKERS” SOVIET UNION • STATE OWNS MEANS OF PRODUCTION • COMMAND ECONOMY • ONE PARTY, ONE LEADER • TOTALITARIAN • COLLECTIVIST • JUSTIFICATION: GLORY OF NATION, RACE • GERMANY (NATIONAL SOCIALISTS = NAZIS); ITALY (FASCIST) AND SOMEWHAT IN JAPAN (“RIGHT SOCIALISM”)

  27. ADOLPH HITLER DER FUHRER – NAZI DICTATOR OF GERMANY

  28. BENITO MUSSOLINI, “IL DUCE” - FASCIST DICTATOR OF ITALY, 1922-43

  29. JOSEPH STALIN – SOVIET DICTATOR, 1922 - 53

  30. JAPAN • A PERFECT STORM OF ULTRANATIONALISM (STATE SHINTO) AND MILITARISM + • INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN FASCISM  • “STATISM” AKA “JAPANESE RIGHT SOCIALISM” • AMAU DOCTRINE (JAPANESE DESTINED TO RULE ASIA AND PACIFIC) • -- COMPARE U.S. MONROE DOCTRINE AND MANIFEST DESTINY SHOWA EMPEROR – HIROHITO. REIGNED 1926 – 1989 BECAUSE U.S. BACKED HIM AFTER WAR IN ORDER TO STABILIZE JAPAN

  31. RISE OF HITLER AND NAZI PARTY IN GERMANY a. PUBLISHES MEIN KAMPF (“MY STRUGGLE”) 1925-26 (WRITTEN WHILE IN PRISON FOR MUNICH PUTSCH) i) BLAMED JEWS FOR TREATY OF VERSAILLES, DEPRESSION ii) PREACHED RACIAL SUPERIORITY OF GERMAN “ARYANS,” INFERIORITY OF JEWS AND OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS iii ) SAYS GERMANY NEEDS LIEBENSRAUM (“LIVING SPACE” -- MUST EXPAND TERRITORY IN EUROPE (COMPARE U.S. THEORY OF “MANIFEST DESTINY”)

  32. MEIN KAMPF IS A WORLD-WIDE BEST-SELLER (THEN AND NOW) – ALMOST EVERYONE KNEW HITLER PLANNED: • CONQUEST OF EUROPE • DISCRIMINATION AGAINST JEWS (BUT PROBABLY NOBODY COULD HAVE CONCEIVED OF THE HOLOCAUST BEFORE IT HAPPENED)

  33. b. 1932 – HITLER COMES IN SECOND IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; NAZIS WIN LARGEST BLOC OF SEATS IN REICHSTAG (LOWER HOUSE OF GERMAN PARLIAMENT)  a) HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR BY PRESIDENT HINDENBURG

  34. c. 1933 – HITLER DECLARES THIRD REICH (THIRD EMPIRE) d. 1934 – HITLER = DER FUHRER (THE LEADER) – NOW ABSOLUTE DICTATOR e. 1934-38 – REMILITARIZES – BUILDS THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND SECOND-LARGEST (AFTER SOVIET UNION) ARMY IN THE WORLD, ALSO AIR FORCE (LUFTWAFFE) AND NAVY  f. RECOVERY OF GERMAN ECONOMY  HITLER IS VERY, VERY POPULAR IN GERMANY

  35. U.S. RESPONSE = LATE 1933, U.S. RECOGNIZED SOVIET UNION • FDR THOUGHT S.U. • POTENTIAL ALLY AGAINST GERMANY AND JAPAN • HOPED TRADE WITH S.U. WOULD EASE DEPRESSION

  36. 1934- 36: NYE COMMITTEE SENATE HEARINGS – ISOLATIONISM (GERALDNYE, D. IND.) • WWI NEEDLESS, • FOUGHT FOR "MERCHANTS • OF DEATH": that bankers • wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. • Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters. • Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.

  37. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 • When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: • NO ARMS SALES to belligerent nations. • NO loans OR credits to belligerent nations. • Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]. • Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up. • Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. • limited the options of the President in a crisis. • America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

  38. FDR “I HATE WAR” SPEECH, 1936: • “I have seen war. I have seen war on land and sea. I have seen blood running from the wounded. I have seen men coughing out their gassed lungs. I have seen the dead in the mud. I have seen cities destroyed. I have seen 200 limping, exhausted men come out of line—the survivors of a regiment of 1,000 that went forward 48 hours before. I have seen children starving. I have seen the agony of mothers and wives. I hate war. • I wish I could keep war from all nations, but that is beyond my power.”

  39. GERMANY DEPLOYS TROOPS TO THE RHINELAND, MARCH 1936 • THIS WAS A CLEAR VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – THE WORLD STOOD IDLY BY

  40. GERMANY DEPLOYS TROOPS TO THE RHINELAND, MARCH 1936 • THIS WAS A CLEAR VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – THE WORLD STOOD IDLY BY

  41. 1936: ROME-BERLIN AXIS – TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THIRD REICH AND ITALY

  42. Panay Incident, december 12, 1937) • Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River • (INTERNATIONAL WATERWAY) • Japan was testing US • resolve! • Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. • Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. • Results Japanese interpreted US ROLLOVER as a license for further aggression against US ASIA-PACIFIC interests.

  43. Ludlow Amendment (1938) • proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. • introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow (never actually passed but always substantial minority support!) Congressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN]

  44. MARCH 1938 – THE ANSCHLUSS -- PEACEFUL GERMAN UNION WITH AUSTRIA AUSTRIAN REACTION TO ARRIVAL OF GERMAN TROOPS – “HEIL HITLER!”

  45. AUSTRIANS REACT TO THE ANSCHLUSS

  46. ROUND ONE” IN EUROPE – THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, 1932 – 39 – THE FIRST SHOWDOWN BETWEEN FASCISTS AND THEIR OPPONENTS • REPUBLICANS/ LOYALISTS (RANGED FROM LIBERALS TO COMMUNISTS) v. • NATIONALISTS (RANGED FROM MONARCHISTS TO FALANGISTS (FASCISTS) • NAZI GERMANY AND FASCIST ITALY BACKED THE NATIONALISTS (AS DID MAJOR U.S. CORPORATIONS – BUT NEUTRALITY ACTS BARRED U.S. GOV’T INVOLVEMENT) • SOVIET UNION BACKED THE REPUBLICANS

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