Chapter 7 South America: Shaped by its history

1. Chapter 7South America: Shaped by its history

2. Section 1: The Chibcha People

3. Vocabulary El Dorado Maize Quinoa Nobles District A Spanish legend about a place of great riches (Disney movie The Road to El Dorado) Corn A grain that can be ground into flour The small ruling group of a society who inherit their positions A political unit

4. The Legend of El Dorado In the highlands of the Andes Mountains hundreds of years ago, a sacred ceremony took place. Gold dust was sprinkled over the body of a king. He was placed in a boat and rowed out to the center of a sacred lake. Objects made of gold surrounded him in the boat. He plunged into the water, washing the gold off into the lake. The gold objects were thrown into the water after him. This ceremony was carried out by the Chibchas. They used this ceremony to offer gifts of gold to the gods. The Spanish, who came to South America in the 1500s, called this ceremony El Hombre Dorado. This means the “golden man”. The ceremony gave rise to the legend of El Dorado. For years, Spanish explorers searched for the land of the great riches. But, it was never found.

5. Who Were the Chibchas? Ancestors of this group migrated from North & Central America Lived primarily on Isthmus (?) of Panama and Northern South America 1300—estab. a thriving civilization Andes Highlands was ideal place to settle Land space & fertile soil Temperatures were moderate & plenty of rain Settled in what is modern day Colombia Still most populated part of the continent today Where They Lived

7. Homeland was suited for farming Beans, squash & potatoes grew well Also raised maize Cotton crops provided clothing Mined for emeralds & salt Used emeralds to trade for other goods that are not available in the region Farming & Mining

8. Life Among the Chibchas Lived in small villages of just a few hundred people Chief homes set apart from other villagers Lived in circular homes cone shaped roofs w/ clay floors Clothing was simple men & women wore 2 pieces of white cloth, 1 wrapped around their upper body & 1 wrapped around their lower body Chiefs painted red & black on their clothes Wove cotton, made jewelry & other crafts Traded goods in the market for money Wanted to specifically trade for gold Village Life Work & Trade

10. Ruled by a small # of nobles Right to rule passed down thru families Warriors were a special group Nobles selected warriors from among the common people Had more privileges then commoners did Territory was divided into districts 1 ruler governed each district & held all power Rulers: demanded taxes, labor & goods wore lots of jewelry & expensive clothes carried around on gold couches Zipa: leader of most powerful district, ruled from a thrown of gold Chibcha Society Ruling the Chibchas

11. Worshipped things in nature Considered lakes to be sacred Sun & moon Offered gifts to the gods Ex. Gold & Cotton Priests were chosen from the nobles Maintained temples to the Gods Led religious ceremonies Religious Practices

12. What Happened to the Chibchas? 1536: Spanish king sent Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada to work in South American colonies Quesada headed into homeland of the Chibchas Zipa led unsuccessful attacks on Quesada & his men Zipa went into hiding & was killed Groups of Chibchas kept fighting the Spanish efforts were not organized In a few years, the Spanish had taken control of the land 1538: turned Chibcha capitol into the Spanish capitol of Bogota Chibcha culture was completely changed by arrival of the Spanish converted many to Christianity Chibcha language declined and Spanish became the official 1 Today: People of mixed Chibcha & Spanish ancestry live

13. Section 2The Incas: People of the Sun

14. Vocabulary Cuzco Topa Inca Census Quipu Aqueduct Capitol of the Incan Empire Emperor of the Incas, who expanded their empire Official count of all the people in an area Knotted strings on which the Incas recorded information A pipe or channel that carries water from a distant source

15. The Rise of the Incas 1200: Settled in Cuzco Most Incas were farmers Grew maize & other crops Take over the entire Cuzco Valley Did this by conquest & wars 1438: Pachacuti became ruler of the Incas Name—”he who shakes the Earth” Conquered the people of the Andes Demanded loyalty from the people he conquered He would force them off land if not & replace them with people who would be Topa Inca took over (Pachacuti’s son) Expanded the empire

16. Incan Civilization Excellent farmers, builders & managers Cuzco capitol & center of the gov’t Spanish compared it to an extravagant Spanish city Carefully organized Emperor chose nobles to govern each province Conducted a census so that people could be taxed Officials collected crops as taxes Villagers had to work on gov’t building projects Gov’t took care of poor, sick & elderly Didn’t have a written language Quipus: had a main cord with several colored strings attached, each color represented a dif. Item Knots of different sizes stood for #’s Government & Records

17. Roads, Bridges & Aqueducts Built more than 14,000 miles of roads Built on some of the most mountainous roads in the world Helped Incas govern Runners used roads to deliver messages Armies used the roads for speedy travel Needed bridges to cover the deep gorges Swift rivers flow through the gorges Built rope bridges to pass through the obstacle Built canals & aqueducts to carry water to dry areas Ex. 1 carried water from 500 miles away Allowed Incans to irrigate land

18. Incan Buildings Masters of building w/ stone Constructed cities, palaces, temples & fortresses (?) w/o modern tools Used hammers & chisels Able to perfectly fit together stones w/o the help of cement Even today a piece of paper cannot be fit b/w them Machu Picchu is still standing today Buildings & stairs carved into a mountainside Roads cut into bare rock

19. Religion Worshipped many Gods Practiced human sacrifice Inti was the Sun God 1 of most important Believed Inti was their parent & they referred to themselves as “children of the sun” Viracocha was the creator of all the people of the Andes according to Incan belief

20. The Quechua:Descendants of the Incas Descendants of Inca live in present day Peru They speak Quechua (Incan language) Live in the high Andes Mountains Might be isolated from modern life but they are heavily influenced by it Ex. Religion combines Catholicism w/ traditional Incan practices Grow enough food to feed only their families Use similar farming methods to those of earlier Incans Continue weaving traditions Still wear some traditional clothing as well

21. Section 3European Conquest

22. Vocabulary Fransisco Pizarro Christopher Columbus Conquistador Atahualpa Mestizo Hacienda Conquistador who conquered the Incas Italian explorer sponsored by Spain who landed in the West Indies in 1492 One of the conquerors who claimed & ruled land in the Americas for the Spanish government in the 1500s Incan emperor in the early 1530s Latin America, a person of mixed Spanish & Native American ancestry A large farm or plantation

23. Europeans Arrive in the Americas 1400s—Spain & Portugal were searching for new trade routes to Asia Asia contained spices & silks (could be traded for huge profit in Europe) Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic He asked Portugal to sponsor him, they said NO Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to sponsor him Set sail in August of 1492 He reached land on October 12—he believed he had reached the East Indies in Asia Called the people he met Indians Columbus Reaches America

24. Columbus Makes His Discovery

25. Spain & Portugal were now in a race to explore more of America 1494—2 nations signed Treaty of Tordesillas Set an imaginary line (the Line of Demarcation) Gave Spain right to settle & trade West of the line, Portugal could do the same East of the line This treaty is why the language of Brazil is Portuguese Dividing a Continent

26. The Success of Conquistadors Spanish rulers did not pay for expeditions to find riches in America They gave the conquistadors the right to hunt for treasure & to settle the land they found Conquistadors agreed to give the Spanish 1/5 of what they found Quickly conquered some of largest civilizations in Latin America Fransisco Pizarro went after the Incan Empire 1531—brought 180 Spanish soldiers to conquer the land Atahualpa didn’t pay much attention to his small group b/c he was fighting a civil war against his brother 1532—Pizarro invited Atahualpa & his people to a feast 3000 Incans went to this feast Pizarro tricked them & captured Atahualpa, Spanish gunfire killed many of the Incans 1534—the emperor was killed & Incan empire was conquered

27. Conquistadors Con’t… Leaders of America had no clue what the conquistadors were doing Spanish had guns, cannons & horses which scared the Native Americans Europeans carried diseases such as smallpox They were a huge threat to Native Americans who had never encountered these things Due to local rivalries Native Americans were willing to help the Spanish conquer their rivals in different tribes

28. Colonization 1600s—Spain had claimed much of the Americas Claimed land from southern South America into present-day US 1667—France took control of Northern South America & Portugal claimed Brazil European settlers came into South America Some came as missionaries sent by the Catholic Church to spread Christianity Some came to look for gold & other riches Some simply wanted to settle & farm If Native Americans resisted then Europeans conquered them European Settlers Arrive

29. Spain controlled largest portion of the Americas King of Spain divided the territory up into provinces Appointed viceroys—representatives who ruled the provinces in the king’s name Other Spaniards helped the viceroys rule Council in Spain that resided over the colonial rulers to make sure they didn’t become too powerful 1 of most important provinces was Peru, capitol was Lima Spanish social classes determined where people lived in Lima Most powerful lived in center of the city (either Spanish or of Spanish descent) Mestizos lived on the outskirts of the city (poor) Native Americans con’t to live in countryside Spanish forced Native Americans to work on haciendas Spain Organizes Its Empire

30. Settlers received encomiendas Rights to demand taxes or labor from Native Americans When silver was discovered Native Americans were forced to mine as well Many died from overwork, malnutrition & disease First 50 years of Spanish rule Native American population declined from 25 million to 3 million Spanish needed more workers so they imported slaves from Africa (millions were brought in) Colony of Portugal Most settlers remained near coast They took land from Native Americans for sugar plantations & cattle ranches Dependent on forced labor from enslaved Africans as well The Effect of European Rule Brazil

31. Section 4Independence

32. Vocabulary Revolution Criollo Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Caudillo Overthrow of a government, with another taking its place A person with Spanish parents who was born in South America South American revolutionary leader South American revolutionary leader Military officer who rules a country very strictly

33. The Seeds of Revolution 1825—most of the continent was independent No longer ruled by Europeans Became inspired by 2 revolutions 1.) American Revolution which led to the establishment of the US 2.) French Revolution in 1789 to overthrow current gov’t Criollos paid attention to these events Best educated & wealthiest in Spanish colonies but had little power Liked the idea that people could govern themselves Only people born in Spain could hold gov’t positions People were frightened by idea of revolution 1791—slave revolt in Haiti Slavery ended & formerly enslaved ppl governed themselves Criollos didn’t want this, they wanted independence but power for themselves

34. South American Independence Born in Venezuela in 1783 Was a criollo Family was 1 of richest & most important Studied in Europe Became committed to independence in South America 1807—joined the fight for Venezuelan independence 1813—became leader of independence movement 1814—forced into exile when Spanish retook Venezuela spent his time planning gov’ts for future independent countries August1819—returned to South America led an attack against Spanish in New Granada 1822—Bolivar’s troops had freed a large area from Spanish rule Simon Bolivar Bolivar the Liberator

35. Criollo as well Stepped in to help when Argentina begin it’s fight for freedom Took great care of his troops He suffered when they suffered kind of thing 1817—Martin & his troops passed over Andes Mtns into Chile Bold action took Spanish by surprise Defeated Spain in a matter of months Declared the independence of Chile Planned a surprise attack on Peru from the sea Spanish was not prepared & were defenseless July 1821—San Martin seized the capitol of Peru San Martin Fights for Freedom

36. San Martin and Bolivar met to discuss the fight for independence Historians don’t know what happened at the meeting but afterwards San Martin gave up his command Bolivar was left to fight alone Bolivar drove the remaining Spanish forces out & seized power 1825—he was president of Gran Colombia & dictator of Peru Became independent w/o fighting a war Early 1800s there was a war in Europe French armies invaded Spain & Portugal Portugal’s royal family fled to Brazil 1821—king returned to Portugal & left his son in charge Dom Pedro took more power then king expected Declared Brazil independent in 1822 Quietly, 3 yrs later, Portugal admitted they were An Important Meeting Brazil Takes a Different Route

37. Even though independence was achieved there was still many challenges Set up new governments & constitutions Economic difficulties Parts of countries needed to be rebuilt Bolivar dreamed of uniting South America like the US Dream was impossible due to layout of land Bolivar retired in 1830 Set the standard for South American leaders Independence Brings Challenges

38. Section 5: From Past to Present

39. Vocabulary A ruler with complete power To send products from one country to be sold in another To bring products into one country from another Money owed by one country to other countries A particular administration or government Dictator Export Import Foreign Debt Regime

40. A Troubled Past Many problems w/ roots in colonial past still remain today Criollos gained power after independence Most mestizos & Natives remained poor Slaves did not have much opportunity to better their lives Caudillos ruled many South American countries ignored the constitutions became dictators Life changed little for ordinary people Exports & Imports became important to South America in past and present Export: farm products, minerals Import: manufactured goods Colonial Legacy

41. Foreign companies begin to invest in South America built seaports & railroads to export products were interested in taking resources 1903—US wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama benefit American trade & Navy Colombia refused permission President Roosevelt backed a revolt by the people of Panama against Colombia (US now allowed to build it) 1904—Roosevelt claimed US had right to keep law and order there Said US could force South America to pay their debts US intervened for next 20 years in South America Foreign Involvement

42. The Struggle Continues Groups wanted to improve conditions for the poor 1930s & 40s—reformers wanted to divide land more equally & diversify the economies 1960s & 70s—military regimes seized power ruled harshly—censored press, outlawed political parties, imprisoned or killed those who opposed 1980s—elected governments replaced harsh regimes some elected leaders still abused their power Still facing problems today Countries had borrowed money to improve economies spent money but were not bringing in as much To make up difference they borrowed money from wealthy countries World Bank & International Monetary Fund offered money under strict conditions (many unfair) The Beginnings of Reform Foreign Debt

43. South American countries are trying to improve their economies through trade Organization of American States (OAS) supports free trade agreements to make it easier to trade b/w North & South America Efforts to improve economy continues today Looking Toward the Future