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Diseases and Disorders of the Kidney

Diseases and Disorders of the Kidney. Section 7.7 Page 357. Importance of the kidney. Kidneys help maintain homeostasis Diseases and disorders of the kidneys can have effects on other systems Many kidney disorders are detected by urinalysis. Outline. Diseases : Diabetes mellitus

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Diseases and Disorders of the Kidney

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  1. Diseases and Disorders of the Kidney Section 7.7 Page 357

  2. Importance of the kidney • Kidneys help maintain homeostasis • Diseases and disorders of the kidneys can have effects on other systems • Many kidney disorders are detected by urinalysis

  3. Outline Diseases: • Diabetes mellitus • Diabetes insipidus • Bright’s disease • Kidney stones Treatments: • Dialysis • Transplant

  4. DISEASES

  5. Diabetes mellitus • The one with which you are probably familiar Cause: • Inadequate secretion of insulin by pancreas Results in: • Cells can’t take up sugar • Blood sugar levels rise Glomerular filtrate sugar levels rise

  6. Diabetes mellitus • More sugar in filtrate than can be reabsorbed • Excess sugar remains in nephron; creates osmotic pressure that keeps water in nephron. • Large volumes of urine are produced.

  7. Diabetes mellitus Detection: • Glucose in urine • Not usual Treatment: • Insulin

  8. Diabetes insipidus Cause: • No ADH to regulate water reabsorption. • Due to: destruction of ADH-producing cells in hypothalamus, or of neural pathway between hypothalamus and pituitary.

  9. Diabetes insipidus Results in: • Increased urine output Treatment: • Synthetic ADH, or drugs stimulating ADH production

  10. Bright’s disease, aka “nephritis” Cause & Result: • A class of diseases, characterized by inflammation of nephrons • Permeability of nephron membrane is altered: • Proteins can pass into nephron • The body has no reabsorption mechanism for proteins • Water remains in nephron due to osmotic pressure • Increased urine output

  11. Bright’s disease Detection: • Protein in urine; waste products in blood Treatment: • Anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, dialysis

  12. Kidney stones Cause: • Precipitation of mineral solutes from blood • Normal filtrate contains chemicals that prevent precipitation • Not enough in an affected individual Result: • Can lodge in renal pelvis, or in ureter • Sharp sides tear tissues of ureter and urethra → Pain

  13. Kidney stones Treatment: • Surgical • Nonsurgical – High-energy shock waves are used to break kidney stones into smaller fragments, which can be excreted in urine Prevention: • Increase fluid consumption in order to produce dilute urine

  14. TREATMENTS

  15. Dialysis • Malfunctioning kidneys cannot effectively process wastes • Dialysis technology uses the process of diffusion to remove wastes from patients' blood • Two types of dialysis: • Haemodialysis • Peritoneal dialysis

  16. Haemodialysis • Machine is connected to a patient`s vein • Blood is pumped through a series of dialysis tubes • Tubes act like a semi-permeable membrane • Allow diffusion of some substances

  17. Urea: Higher concentration in blood • Moves from blood into solution Glucose: Same concentration in blood and solution • No movement

  18. Tubes are submerged in a bath of various solutes (glucose and salts). This solution is called the dialysate. • Each solute establishes a concentration gradient: • Less solute in the dialysate: Solute will move out of blood • Equal concentrations: No movement either way • No wastes exist in the dialysis solution, so wastes (like urea) are pulled from blood • Dialysis solution is constantly replaced

  19. Peritoneal dialysis • Operates on same principle • Catheter is surgically inserted into the patient`s abdominal cavity • Dialysate is fed into cavity via the catheter

  20. As in haemodialysis, diffusion of substances occurs between dialysate and blood • Fluid is drained via the catheter, and replaced • Patient has greater independence than with haemodialysis

  21. The last resort: Kidney transplant • Advantages: Transplanted kidney can produce and respond to hormones in the body • Disadvantages (same as with all transplants): Immune response, opportunistic infections

  22. Homework • Page 362 #2,3 • #6, 8, 10 to be handed in CHAPTER 7 REVIEW • Pg 368 #1-5, 8-13, 18

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