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Chemical engineering products, processes, and challenges

Chemical engineering products, processes, and challenges. Commodities Molecules Nanostructures Key cost speed to market function Basis unit operations discovery properties. A commodity: TiO 2 (titanium oxide).

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Chemical engineering products, processes, and challenges

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  1. Chemical engineering products, processes, and challenges Commodities Molecules Nanostructures Key cost speed to market function Basis unit operations discovery properties

  2. A commodity: TiO2 (titanium oxide) Extremely white, opaque, edible, dirt resistant. Used in paper, food, cosmetics, paint, textiles, plastics. World consumption: 4 million tons/yr. Cost: $2,000/ton. Total world value = $8 billion/yr. A 1% increase in production efficiency = 0.01*2*103 *4*106 $/yr = $80 million/yr.

  3. Molecules Small and simple: ammonia (NH3) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) ethylene (C2H4) sugar (C12H22O11) Large and complex: insulinC257H383N65O77S6 Large and simple (polymers): polyethylene[-CH2-CH2]n See www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog for a very good introduction to polymers.

  4. Polymers, e.g. polyethylene is made up of many monomers:

  5. Copolymers are made up of two kinds of monomers, say A and B

  6. SBS rubber (tires, shoe soles) The polystyrene is tough; the polybutadiene is rubbery

  7. Nano applications of polymers Organized block copolymer of PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) and PS (polystyrene). Spin casting in electric field produces cylinders of PS embedded in the PMMA which are oriented in the direction of the electric field PMMA cylinders are 14nm diameter, 24nm apart. PS can be dissolved with acetic acid to leave holes. Use as a microscopic filter?

  8. Computer application: Cylindrical holes are electrochemically filled with magnetic cobalt. Each cylindrical hole can then store 1 “bit” of information. bit/cm = 1 / (2.4*10-7) bit/cm2 = 1.7*1011

  9. Genetic engineering: production of synthetic insulin 1) Extract a plasmid (a circular molecule of DNA) from the bacterium E-coli 2) Break the circle 3) Insert a section of human DNA containing the insulin-producing gene 4) Insert this engineered gene back into the E-coli bacterium 5) The E-coli and its offspring now produce insulin

  10. Chemical Engineering Two strategies for obtaining chemical compounds and materials: 1) Create the desired compound from raw materials via one or more chemical reactions in a “reactor” 2) Isolate the compound where it exists in combination with other substances through a “separation process”

  11. raw materials energy energy catalyst Reactor catalyst product + contaminants byproducts Reactors fermenters in a brewery pharmaceuticals reactor

  12. Separations Based on differences between individual substances: Boiling point Freezing point Density Volatility Surface Tension Viscosity Molecular Complexity Size Geometry Polarization

  13. Separations Based on differences in the presence of other materials Solubility Chemical reactivity

  14. Separations: Garbage

  15. Garbage separation (cont.)

  16. Garbage separation (cont.)

  17. V1= oil + less dye stage 1 V2 = oil + dye L0 = water L1 = water + some dye Oil flow = V(1-yA) = V′ = constant (conservation of oil) Water flow = L(1-xA) = L′ = constant (conservation of water) Then, for mass balance of the A component (dye) Mass of dye contained in oil and coming from stage 2. Mass of dye contained in water and leaving stage 1.

  18. Assume that the dye concentrations in the mixing stage come into equilibrium according to Henry’s Law that defines the relative concentration of dye in the oil and the water: yA1 = H xA2 , where H depends on the substances A, B, C

  19. Single stage countercurrent centrifugal extractor (Rousselet-Robatel)

  20. Counter-current heat exchangers in nature

  21. Tb-out Tb-out heat loss Tb-in Tb-in exchanger exchanger appendage body appendage body Counter-current heat exchangers How do they work? limited heat exchange good heat exchange

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