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The End of the Republic & Rise of Napoleon

The End of the Republic & Rise of Napoleon. From revolution to dictatorship. The Thermidorian Reaction. During 1794, opposition to Robespierre grew. On 9 Thermidor (July 27) he was arrested and executed the next day. Many of his other Jacobin supporters followed him to the guillotine.

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The End of the Republic & Rise of Napoleon

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  1. The End of the Republic & Rise of Napoleon From revolution to dictatorship

  2. The Thermidorian Reaction • During 1794, opposition to Robespierre grew. • On 9 Thermidor (July 27) he was arrested and executed the next day. • Many of his other Jacobin supporters followed him to the guillotine. • Power in the National Convention passed to the wealthy bourgeoisie, who ended the Terror.

  3. Constitution of 1795 (Year III) • National Convention prepared a new constitution. • Created a two house parliament • Council of Elders had 250 members • Council of 500 • Executive power was held by five Directors who were elected by the Council of Elders. • National Convention was dissolved on Oct 26, 1795 and the Directory came into being.

  4. The Directory • System of indirect elections and five man executive was designed to be a moderate form of government. • However, they were repressive in their desire to continue as a government of the center. • It did have a large political spectrum. Left Center Right Babeuvists Neo-Jacobins Royalists Ultra Royalists

  5. The Directory • Conspiracy of Equals led by Gracchus Babeuf • sans-culottes faction that sought to overthrow government and abolish property • precursor to communism • Easily suppressed by Directory and Babeuf executed • Elections in 1797 a victory for royalists but annulled by government • Neo-Jacobin revival also supressed by government.

  6. French Military Victories • War of the First Coalition continued. • Draft of all able bodied men in Aug. 1793. • 1793-94, French succeeded in preventing invasion. • During 1794-95, French occupy Low Countries, Rhineland, Switzerland and parts of Spain. • Treaty of Basel in March/June 1795 ended war with Prussians and Spanish, but war with Austria and Britain continued.

  7. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) • Born of lesser Corsican nobility. • Commissioned Lieutenant in French artillery in 1785. • 1793: helped recapture Toulon from the British. • 1795: defened National Convention from mob action. • Married Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814).

  8. Bonaparte’s Military Successes • 1796: received command of French Army in Italy, defeating the Austrians. • Treaty of Campo Formio ended war with Austrians in Oct. 1797. • France annexed Austrian Netherlands, Austria got Venice. • Austrians recognized the independence of Cisalpine Rep. (French Satellite) • Britain fought on alone.

  9. The Egyptian Campaign • 1798: Napoleon invades Egypt to disrupt British Empire. • Discovers Rosetta Stone • Napoleon winds Battle of the Pyramids in July, 1798 against Mamelukes • British Fleet under Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) defeats French at Battle of the Nile. • Napoleon left his army to return to France.

  10. War of the Second Coalition (1798-1801) • While Napoleon was in Egypt, Britain forms alliances with Russia, Austria, Portugal, Naples and the Ottoman Empire to oppose the French. • Russia left the alliance the next year. • France suffered military defeats in Italy and Germany. • Military defeats combined with the continuing economic and political crisis and France further weakened the position of the Directory.

  11. Coup d’Ètat de 18 Brumaire • In October 1799, Napoleon landed in Southern France. • With help of two of the five directors (Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and Roger Ducos), his brother Lucien who was speaker of the Council of 500, and Talleyrand he plotted to seize power. • They then used troops on Nov. 9th to seize control of the government. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

  12. Constitution of 1799 (Year VIII) • Drafting a new constitution, a Consulate of three rulers was created. • Napoleon had himself elected First Consul (the other two had little power) to rule for a term of ten years. • In a plebiscite in 1802, Napoleon was made First Consul for life with the right to name his successor (this was reaffirmed in the Constitution of Year X)

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