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What is it?

Causes. What is it?. Symptoms. What’s Happening. Meningitis. Diagnosis. Treatments. Research. What is it?. Inflammation of the meninges or Swelling of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). Back to Menu. Causes. Bacterial Pneumococcal Meningitus ( S. Pneumonia)

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What is it?

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  1. Causes What is it? Symptoms What’s Happening Meningitis Diagnosis Treatments Research

  2. What is it? Inflammation of the meninges or Swelling of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Back to Menu

  3. Causes • Bacterial • Pneumococcal Meningitus (S. Pneumonia) • Meningococcal Meningitis (N meningitidis) • Very contagious (college, military, etc) • Viral • Most common • Typically mild and non-lethal • Fungal Back to Menu

  4. Symptoms • Early symptoms are flu-like leading to delayed diagnosis • Severe headache • Sudden fever • Stiff neck • Nausea • Later symptoms • Seizures • Stupor • Coma • Death Back to Menu

  5. What’s happening • Pathogen enters bloodstream • Survives host immune system • Invades Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) • Science not sure how it does this (PhD anyone?) • Replicate in subarachnoid space http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/186/Supplement_2/S225.long Illustration found at http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia Back to Menu Next slide

  6. More details • The exposure of cells to pathogens can trigger increased production of Cytokines, TNF, and other inflammatory agents http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/186/Supplement_2/S225.long Back to Menu Next slide

  7. More details • Inflammatory agents will degrade BBB allowing intake of leukocytes and other fluids. • Increased pressure may physically press hind brain into brain stem causing death1 Illustration found at: http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/186/Supplement_2/S225.lon Journal of Infectious DiseasesVolume183, Issue12 Pp. 1749-1759 1 – Personal communication with Dr. David R. Boulware Back to Menu Next slide

  8. More Details • Bacterial wall may trigger iNOS to release NO leading to metabolic pathways that trigger greater inflammatory responses and glucose depletion. This leads to cell necropsy. Journal of Infectious DiseasesVolume183, Issue12 Pp. 1749-1759 Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1992 Dec;11(6):293-8 Back to Menu

  9. Diagnosis • Neurological exam • strength, coordination, speech, vision • Lab screening of blood, urine, body secretions • Looking for antibodies, foreign proteins • Throat culture for bacteria • Spinal tap • Looking for blood, bacteria, WBC, low glucose • CT scan or MRI looking for swelling of meninges National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Back to Menu

  10. Treatment • All: EARLY TREATMENT ESSENTIAL • Corticosteroids to reduce swelling and potential damage • Bacterial • Antibiotics, intravenously in severe cases • Sinuses drained • Viral • Bed rest, fluids, dark room • Fungal • Anti-fungal medication Personal communication with Dr. David R. Boulware National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Back to Menu

  11. Research • CNS response to inflammation • Role of T-cell in suppression of infection in the brain • How the BBB is initially breached • Role of NOS isoforms in inflammatory response • Biochemical pathways of inflammatory response • Neuroprotective compounds that block post infection damage that leads to loss of cognitive function and dementia National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Personal communication with Dr. David R. Boulware Journal of Infectious DiseasesVolume183, Issue12 Pp. 1749-1759 Back to Menu

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