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Describing the World: Data Model Patterns

Library of Congress David C. Hay Capgemini Financial Services Washington, DC March 24, 2009. Describing the World: Data Model Patterns. Part Two: Metadata. Metadata models are descriptions that can apply to the entire enterprise model or any part of it. Part Two: Metadata and Specializations.

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Describing the World: Data Model Patterns

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  1. Library of Congress David C. HayCapgemini Financial Services Washington, DCMarch 24, 2009 Describing the World:Data Model Patterns Part Two: Metadata

  2. Metadata models are descriptions that can apply to the entire enterprise model or any part of it. Part Two: Metadata and Specializations • Abstraction Level 1: Metadata • Information Resources • Accounting

  3. Part Two: Metadata and Specializations • Abstraction Level 1: Metadata • Information Resources • Accounting

  4. INFORMATION RESOURCE DEFINITION: “Data Model Patterns…” (ISBN: 0-932633-29-3), “U.S. Constitution”, “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@yahoo.com” etc. INFORMATION RESOURCE INSTANCE: “Data Model Patterns…” (copy 235), “U.S. Constitution”, (Original in national Achives) “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@yahoo.com” “(copy to rkh…)” “(copy to dch…) etc. MEDIUM: “Book”, “Legal document”, “E-mail”, etc. 1. Information Resources . . .

  5. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records . . . (As originally drawn for the International Federation of Library Associations in 1998.)

  6. Definitions . . . • Item – • a physical objectthat has paper pages and a binding and can sometimes be used to prop open a door or hold up a table leg. • a single exemplar of a manifestation • Manifestation – • a “publication” as when we go to a bookstore to purchase a book. We may know its ISBN but the particular copy does not matter as long as it’s in good condition and not missing pages. • the physical embodiment of an expression of a work. • ???

  7. Definitions . . . • Expression – • the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms a particular text in a specific language. • the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms. • Work – • the conceptual content that underlies all of the linguistic versions, the storybeing told in the book, the ideas in a person’s head for the book. • a distinct intellectual or artistic creation.

  8. In the Hay version . . . • Work is represented by Information Resource Definition. • Item is represented by Information Resource Instance. • Manifestationis (sort of) encompassed in Information Resource Definition. • Expressionis not adequately handled at all.

  9. You know the difference between a terrorist and a data modeler, of course . . .

  10. INFORMATION RESOURCE RELATIONSHIP: …STRUCTURE: “Data Model Patterns…” || “Chapter 3: The Enterprise” …REFERENCE: “Data Model Patterns…” || “1. R.G. Ross, The Business rule Book” etc. 2. Information Resource Relationships . . .

  11. CONCEPT: “A willingness to lend money (by a bank)” “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground (by an oil company).” etc. EXPRESSION: “Facility” “Data Model” “Site” etc. 3. Business Terms . . .

  12. Example of BUSINESS TERM . . . • Facility – “A willingness to lend money.” • Facility – “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground.” • Site – “A structure and associated elements for removing crude oil from the ground.” • etc.

  13. NOTE: Anything else in the model can be a MODELED CONCEPT,represented by one or more BUSINESS TERMS. 4. Data Model as Concepts . . .

  14. The fundamental problem . . .

  15. The fundamental problem . . . • Items (Information Resource Definitions) are physical resources, like any other Physical Asset, to be inventoried and managed like any other. • Works (Information Resource Instances) may in fact be related to any other entity class in the model (as well, of course to any other work or any party). • The many-to-many relationships hide a much more complex world than it appears.

  16. INFORMATION RE- SOURCE CONTENT is the text that constitutes the resource An INFORMATION RE-SOURCE DESCRIPTION of a DOCUMENT is the metadata (such as “title”, “ISBN”, etc.) that describe the information resource. An INFORMATION RE- SOURCE TOPIC ASSIG- NMENT is a “tag” that categorizes the INFOR-MATION RESOURCE CONTENT. NOTE: An INFORMATION RESOURCE may be “about” any other ENTITY, ATTRIBUTE, or RELATIONSHIP in the enterprise data model. 5. Descriptions and Topics . . .

  17. DISTRIBUTION: “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@ yahoo.com copy to rkh” “Dch@essen... to rkh5donkey@yahoo.com” copy to dch” etc. 6. Distributions . . .

  18. About people . . .

  19. What about . . . ? • “is edited by” • “is illustrated by” • “is sold by” • Etc.

  20. 7. Information Resource Roles . . .

  21. 8. Disposition Rules . . .

  22. 9. Actual Dispositions . . .

  23. Part Two: Metadata and Specializations • Abstraction Level 1: Metadata • Documents • Accounting

  24. I know . . . • Everybody (ok, nearly everyone) hates accounting. • It is truly mysterious. • And the source of great shenanigans. • I always thought so. • Until I discovered something . . .

  25. So, let’s learn how to keep the books… The two interesting things about bookkeeping . . . • It is the only word in the English language that contains three sets of double letters next to each other. • It is itself a modeling language. It describes the organization in a formal way. • Luca Pacioli, a monk and collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci, first codified the system in a mathematics textbook of 1494. • Assignment: Invent a way to “model” the assets of the church. • Oh, and we don’t recognize the existence of negative numbers.

  26. Business Rule: The total value of all Asset Account BALANCES must equal • the total value of all Liability Account BALANCES plus • - the total value of all Equity Account BALANCES. About Accounts • An account is a name for a collection of financial quantities • Asset Account – the amount of money or items of value held by the organization. • Liability Account – of the amount of Assets, that amount which was loaned by someone outside the organization. • Equity Account – of the amount of Assets, that amount which is owned by the organization.

  27. In the Federal Government, an ACCOUNT is called a “Fiscal Strip”, an ACCOUNT TYPE is a “Budget Order Class”, and a COST CENTER is called a “Budget Line Item”. 1. Accounts . . .

  28. Business Rule: An ACCOUNT may only be part of a singleACCOUNT STRUCTURE in a particular ROLL-UP SCHEME. 2. Account Structures and Categories . . .

  29. Some Accounting Business Rules . . . • To maintain the equivalence cited above, every transaction must: • Add to an ASSET ACCOUNT andsubtract from an ASSET ACCOUNT, or • Add to an ASSET ACCOUNT andadd to a LIABILITY ACCOUNT or an EQUITY ACCOUNT, or • Subtract from an ASSET ACCOUNT andsubtract from an EQUITY ACCOUNT.

  30. credit credit plus plus debit debit plus debit credit plus minus minus debit minus minus credit debit credit credit plus plus plus debit credit minus minus debit minus Some Accounting Business Rules (cont.) . . . • To do this, it must consist of: • A DEBIT, which either • adds to an ASSET ACCOUNT, <or> • subtracts from a LIABILITY ACCOUNT, <or> • subtracts from an EQUITY ACCOUNT, <and> • A CREDIT, which either • subtracts from an ASSET ACCOUNT, <or> • adds to a LIABILITY ACCOUNT, <or> • adds to an EQUITY ACCOUNT. • Each new BALANCE, then, is created by adding or subtracting from the previous balance according to these rules. Liabil-ity Asset Equity

  31. 3. Accounting Transactions . . .

  32. For example . . . Accounting Transaction Account Credited AccountDebited TransactionValue Credit AccountBalance DebitAccountBalance CashSale Revenue(Equity)+ Cash(Asset)+ 430 6060 1024 Invoice Revenue(Equity)+ Accounts Receivable(Asset)+ 500 6560 1500 Payment Receipt Accounts Receivable (Asset)- Cash(Asset)+ 500 1000 1524

  33. 4. Accounting Rule Entries . . .

  34. For Example . . . Accounting transaction type Debit rule account +/- Credit rule account +/- Invoice Accounts Receivable (Asset) + Revenue (Equity + Payment Received Cash on hand (Asset) + Accounts Receivable (Asset) _ Purchase Inventory (Asset) + Accounts Payable (Liability) + Payment Made Accounts Payable (Liability) _ Cash on Hand (Asset) -

  35. 5. Accounting Cost Center Links . . .

  36. More Accounting Cost Center Links . . . ??

  37. 6. Transaction Product Cost Links . . .

  38. Questions?

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