Stars: Constellations

1. Stars: Constellations • Ancient Greeks, Romans, and other people who lived long ago found patterns, or shapes, made by stars in the night sky. These star patterns are called Constellations. From Earth, a constellation looks like spots of light arranged in a particular shape against the night sky. However, the stars in a constellation often have no relationship to each other in space.

2. Constellations • This figure shows how the constellation of the mythological Greek hunter Orion appears from Earth.

3. Constellations • Modern astronomy divides the sky into 88 regions or constellations. The Big Dipper is part of the constellation Ursa Major. The Big Dipper is actually an Asterism; which is a recognizable group of stars that is part of a known constellation. The two stars at the front of the Big Dipper point to the star Polaris. Polaris is alsocalled the North Star. That is because Polaris is almost directly over Earth’s north pole. Polaris is located at the end of the Little Dipper in the constellation Ursa Minor.

5. Why do constellations appear to move? • You may have noticed that stars appear to move E  W during the night. Constellations in the northern sky appear to circle around Polaris because of Earth’s rotation. They are called circumpolar constellations. Their unique position allows the circumpolar constellations to be seen all year long. They appear to complete a full circle in 24hrs. Other constellations, such as Orion, can only be seen in the south during Winter. In summer, Orion can’t be seen north of the equator because the northern hemisphere is facing Orion during the day.

6. Clip circumpolar constellations Summer Northern view

7. Absolute and Apparent Magnitudes • When you look at constellations, you’ll notice that some stars are brighter than others. Why do you think some stars look brighter than others? • There are two ways to describe a star’s brightness. The absolute magnitudeof a star is the amount of light it gives off. The apparent magnitude is the amount of light that reaches Earth, or how bright it looks.

8. Absolute and Apparent Magnitude • A star that is dim can look bright in the sky if it’s close to Earth. And a star that is bright can appear dim if it is farther away

9. Measurement in Space • One way scientists measure the distance between Earth and a nearby star is to measure Parallax. Parallax is the apparent shift in the position of an object when you look at it from two different positions. Stretch your arm out in front of you and look at your thumb with one eye closed. Now open you eye and close the other eye and look at thumb again. Your thumb looks like it moved even though it has not. That shift is parallax.

10. How is Parallax measured? • Astronomers measure the parallax of a nearby star to see how far away it is from Earth. The same star is observed at two different times of the year. Astronomers look at how the star seems to change positions compared with stars that are farther away. The they use the angle of the parallax and the size of the Earth ‘s orbit to calculate the distance of the star from Earth.

12. Measurement in Space • Space is so enormous that scientists need a special way to describe distances. Distances between stars and galaxies are measured in light years. A Light year is the distance that light travels in one year. Light travels at 300,000km/s, or about 9.5 trillion km in one year. (6 trillion miles)

13. Properties of Stars • The color of a star indicates its temperature. Hot stars are a blue-white color. Stars that have a medium temperature, like the Sun are yellow. A cooler star looks orange or red.

14. Question 1 • Patterns of stars in the night sky are called? • Constellations • Magnitudes • Orbits • Parallaxes

15. Answer • A. People in early cultures imagined that the constellations represented characters or familiar objects.

16. Question 2 • Which of the following are NOT constellations? • Cassopeia • Polaris • Big Dipper • Ursa Minor

17. Answer • B & C -Polaris is a single star known as the North Star and the Big Dipper is an asterism.

18. ISN • In your ISN draw and explain why circumpolar constellations appear to move.