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Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices

Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices. Lesson 1: Routing. Objectives. Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables

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Advanced TCP/IP Concepts and Practices

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  1. Advanced TCP/IPConcepts and Practices

  2. Lesson 1:Routing

  3. Objectives • Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing • Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables • Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table • Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category

  4. Objectives (cont’d) • Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each • Identify the EGP and the BGPv4 • Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-vector protocols • Describe CIDR

  5. Introduction to Routing • Direct routing • Indirect routing • The traceroute command

  6. Routing Process • Routing involves two key elements • The sending host must know which router to use for a given destination; the router is determined by the default gateway • The router must know where to send the packet; the destination is determined by the router’s routing information table

  7. Routing Information Table

  8. Static vs. Dynamic Routing • The route command • The ping command

  9. Routing and Packets • The network, transport, session, presentation and application layers remain unchanged during the routing process

  10. Routing Protocols • Interior versus exterior protocols • Interior routing protocols include RIP and OSPF • Exterior routing protocols include EGP and BGP

  11. Routing Information Protocol • RIPv1 header • RIPv1 versus RIPv2 • How RIP works • Disadvantages of RIP

  12. RIP Count-to-Infinity Disadvantage

  13. Open Shortest Path First • Interior gateway routing protocol that uses IP directly • Overcomes many RIP shortcomings • Contains: • Various types of service routing • Load balancing • Network areas • Authenticated exchanges • Routing table updates

  14. Exterior Gateway Protocol • Used to communicate reachability information between autonomous systems • Has been largely replaced by BGP

  15. Border Gateway Protocol • Used between the NSFnet backbone and some regional networks • Exchanges network reachability information with other BGP subsystems

  16. Classless Interdomain Routing • Minimizes the number of routing table entries • Summarizes multiple IP addresses into single entry

  17. Summary • Explain the difference between direct and indirect routing • Describe the routing process and explain the function of routing information tables • Compare static routing with dynamic routing, and manually configure a static routing table • Explain the difference between interior and exterior routing protocols, and identify routing protocols within each category

  18. Summary (cont’d) • Compare and contrast RIP with OSPF, and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each • Identify the EGP and the BGPv4 • Describe distance-vector, link-state and path-vector protocols • Describe CIDR

  19. Lesson 2:TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools—Files, Protocols and Commands

  20. Objectives • Describe useful network files • Compare TCP/IP implementations on various operating systems • Describe ICMP concepts and message types • Identify general network troubleshooting commands • Identify name and address troubleshooting commands

  21. Useful Network Files • protocols (UNIX) and protocol (2000) • services • xinetd.conf (UNIX only)

  22. Internet Control Message Protocol • Source-quench error messages • Echo-request and echo-reply query messages • ICMP message types

  23. Troubleshooting General Network Problems • Commands • ping • traceroute or tracert • netstat

  24. Troubleshooting Name and Address Problems • Commands • ifconfig (Linux) • ipconfig (Windows 2000) • arp • nslookup • hostname

  25. Summary • Describe useful network files • Compare TCP/IP implementations on various operating systems • Describe ICMP concepts and message types • Identify general network troubleshooting commands • Identify name and address troubleshooting commands

  26. Lesson 3:Troubleshooting TCP/IP Networks

  27. Objectives • Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications • Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion • Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity • Monitor network traffic and congestion

  28. Objectives (cont’d) • Test performance and transfer time • Identify and isolate duplicate address problems • Determine specific TCP/IP components that cause failures • Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP failures • Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems

  29. Performance Factors • Baseline • A recording of network activity obtained through documentation and monitoring • Serves as an example for comparing future network activity

  30. Identifying Performance Degradation • System • Network • Client/server application • Establishing guidelines

  31. System Environment • System hardware • Processor • Memory • Network interface • Disk • Operating system

  32. Network Environment • Performance factors • Protocol stack • Routing architecture • Routing protocol • Routing configuration • Routing hops • Duplicate IP addresses

  33. Client/Server Applications • Application architecture in terms of systems and networks • Application architecture in terms of modules (screens, routines) • Version control • Testing

  34. Summary • Determine factors that can affect the performance of TCP/IP or intranet applications • Identify potential areas for bottlenecks and traffic congestion • Establish a baseline with which to compare future network activity • Monitor network traffic and congestion

  35. Summary(cont’d) • Test performance and transfer time • Identify and isolate duplicate address problems • Determine specific TCP/IP components that cause failures • Recommend corrective actions for TCP/IP failures • Use TCP/IP tools to determine problems

  36. Lesson 4:Network Management Fundamentals

  37. Objectives • Explain the importance of network management • Identify effective management strategy components • Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model • Describe OSI network management model elements • Define the network management architecture types

  38. Network Management • The ideal network management protocol • Proprietary solutions • Open solutions

  39. Management Functional Areas (MFAs)

  40. Network Management Model • Managed nodes • Agents • Traversals and traps • Polling • Proxy agents • Gateway agents • Information base • NMS

  41. Information Baseon a Managed Node

  42. Network Management Architecture • Centralized architecture • Distributed architecture • Hierarchical architecture

  43. Centralized Management Architecture Model

  44. Summary • Explain the importance of network management • Identify effective management strategy components • Explain the OSI Network Management Functional Areas model • Describe OSI network management model elements • Define the network management architecture types

  45. Lesson 5:SNMP History, Process and Architecture

  46. Objectives • Discuss the history of SNMP • Explain the purpose of the SMI, the MIB tree, an OID, the ASN.1 and the BER • Summarize the SNMP process • Describe the SNMP architecture • Identify key SNMP communication methods • Install an industry-standard NMS • Install an SNMP agent

  47. Popularity of SNMP • Simplicity • Wide industry support • Wise use of resources • Standardization and stability • Centralized administration • Portability

  48. History of SNMP • Chronology • SNMPv1 • SNMPv2 • SNMPv3 • SNMP extensions

  49. The Structure of Management Information • The object identifier • Naming an object: OIDs and the MIB tree • Creating an MIB: Syntax and encoding

  50. The SNMP Process • Querying MIB variables • NMS-to-agent PDUs • Agent-to-NMS PDUs • Instance identification • Network discovery • The network map • The NMS management database • Security and the NMS application

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