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Chapter 1 Matter and Change

Chapter 1 Matter and Change. 1.1 - Chemistry is a Physical Science. Chemistry – the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the energy changes that accompany these changes branches of chemistry organic inorganic physical(p- chem ) analytical biochemistry

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Chapter 1 Matter and Change

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  1. Chapter 1Matter and Change

  2. 1.1 - Chemistry is a Physical Science • Chemistry – the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the energy changes that accompany these changes • branches of chemistry • organic • inorganic • physical(p-chem) • analytical • biochemistry • theoretical

  3. chemical – substance w/ definite composition • examples – H2O, C12H22O11, Au • everything other than NRG or a force • chemical Rx(reaction) – a change in the composition of a substance • creates new substances with different properties • video

  4. 1.2 Matter and Its Properties • matter – takes up space, has mass • anything that possess inertia • mass – measure of amount of matter • measure of inertia • classification of matter • by phase • solid, liquid, gas, … • by composition • compound, mixture, element,…

  5. states /phases of matter • solid – definite volume and definite shape • definite volume – small distance between particles • packed tightly together • definite shape – particles organized in a fixed position • pattern or organized crystal

  6. liquid – definite volume, no definite shape • definite volume – small distance between particles • packed tightly together • distance is very similar between solid particles and liquid particles • myth – particles of liquid move apart when a solid melts • no definite shape – particles in no order or pattern • particles randomly arranged • no crystal stucture

  7. gas – no definite volume, no definite shape • no definite volume – particles large distance from one another • distance between gas particles is ~ 1000 times further than solids or liquids • what is in the space between gas particles??? • no definite shape – particles in no order or pattern • particles randomly arranged, no crystal stucture

  8. plasma – high NRG phase of matter • composed of positive and negative particles • not attracted together • composed of pieces of atoms • most abundant phase of matter in the universe

  9. Bose-Einstein condensate – phase of matter that occurs at temperatures near absolute zero(-273oC or -460oF) • colder than a solid • atoms all join together/condense to a single “super” atom

  10. Classification of Matter by composition MATTER Homogeneous -same thru-out Heterogeneous -different thru-out Pure substance -one type of matter only - oxygen, water Solution -one phase, 2 or more substances -air, pop, stainless steel Mixture -2 or more subst. -easily separated thru physical means -no formula - retain same properties -may consist of diff. phases Compound -2 or more subst. -chem Rx to separate -specific formula - different properties -water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid Element -simplest -one type of atom -lead, oxygen

  11. physical property • properties that can be observed/measured without changing the substance • density • luster/color • melting/boiling point • chemical property • properties that describe how a substance reacts with other substances in a chemical change • highly reactive • combines with oxygen • burns in air

  12. physical change – change in appearance or phase of matter • no change in composition • same substance, looks different • dissolving sugar in water • melting ice • chemical change – change in the identity or composition of the substance • chemical Rx needs to occur • burning paper • baking soda and vinegar(volcano Rx) • reactant (s)– starting substance(s) = paper, baking soda, vinegar • product(s)- substance(s) created = carbon dioxide, water vapor

  13. evidence of a chemical Rx • change in NRG(absorbed or released) • substance gets hotter or colder

  14. evolution of a gas • bubbling • change in odor

  15. formation of light • burning match • glow stick

  16. formation of electricity • batteries/dry cells

  17. formation of a precipitate • precipitate = insoluble solid that falls out of solution • soap scum • hard water deposits/crust around faucet

  18. color change • chemical indicators – litmus • not always reliable

  19. Section 1.3 – Elements • intro to periodic table • vertical columns – groups/families • similar properties • horizontal rows – period/series • properties change throughout the row • bottom two rows • placed there to save space • fit in order on periodic table

  20. types of elements • metals • excellent conductor electricity • ductile • tenacious/high tensile strength • malleable • good conductor heat • shiny/luster • most solids/high melting and boiling points

  21. nonmetals • nonconductor of electricity • worst conducting metal 100,000 better than best conducting nonmetal • poor conductor of heat • low melting/boiling points • brittle • dull appearance

  22. metalloids • properties of both metal and nonmetal • less malleable, not as brittle • semiconductors • computer chips, LED lights

  23. noble gases • chemically inert • gases at room temp

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