Halon and its Replacements - an Environmental Update

1. Halon and its Replacements - an Environmental Update • David Ball • Consultant • Technical Advisor to Kidde International • 17 November 1998 • Presented • By • Bob Glaser • Walter Kidde Aerospace

2. Halon and its Replacements - an Environmental Update • Montreal Protocol Update • Background • Effect to date • Recent Decisions • Kyoto Protocol • Implications

3. Montreal Protocol - Chronology • 1985 - Vienna Convention on Protection of the Ozone Layer (Parties: 166 at 1.7.98) • 1987 - Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (165) • 1990 - London Amendment (II/ ) (122) • 1992 - Copenhagen Amendment (IV/ ) (80) • 1995 - Vienna Adjustment (VII/ ) • 1997 - Montreal Amendment (IX/ ) • 1998 - Cairo, November

4. Montreal Protocol - Effect • Predicted level of stratospheric chlorine loading • Model and data presented in Report "Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1994" (Allbritton, Solomon et al)

5. Stratospheric Chlorine Loadingwithout Montreal Protocol

6. Montreal Protocol (1987) - Provisions on Halons • From 1.1.1992, Cap production at 1986 level

7. Stratospheric Chlorine Loadingwith Montreal Protocol

8. London Amendments (1990) • From 1.1.1995, Production halved (II/1) • From 1.1.2000, Production banned (II/1) • Possibility of "Essential Use" Production (II/3) • If ODP>0, "Transitional Substance" with phase out date 2020-2040 (London Resolution)

9. Stratospheric Chlorine Loadingwith London Amendments

10. Copenhagen Amendments (1992) • From 1.1.1994, Production banned (IV/2) • "Essential Use" Criteria defined (IV/25) • Necessary for the health, safety or critical for the function of society (including cultural/intellectual) • AND • No available technically and economically feasible alternatives acceptable for environment and health • "Transitional Substance" phase out date advanced to 2015 (90% reduction) (IV/3)

11. Stratospheric Chlorine Loadingwith Copenhagen Amendments

12. Recent Findings on Tropospheric Chlorine Loading • Montzka et al in Science, May 1996 • First observed decrease in tropospheric loading • Stratospheric loading lags by 4-5 years • Consistent with model

13. Stratospheric Chlorine:What was left for Vienna?

14. Options at Vienna • Methyl Bromide • Elimination by 2001 reduces integrated ozone loss over next 50 years by 13% • Halons • Avoiding release of stored agent reduces integrated ozone loss over next 50 years by 10% • HCFCs • Acceleration of phaseout to 2004 reduces integrated ozone loss over next 50 years by 5%

15. Vienna Decision VII/12 To recommend that all non-Article 5 Parties should endeavour, on a voluntary basis, to limit the emissions of halon to a minimum by: (a) Accepting as Critical those applications meeting the Essential Use criteria as defined in Decision IV/25, paragraph I (a); (b) Limiting the use of halons in new installations to Critical Applications; (c) Accepting that existing installations for Critical Applications may continue to use halon in the future; (d) Considering the decommissioning of halon systems in existing installations, which are not Critical Applications, as quickly as technically and economically feasible; (e) Ensuring that halons are effectively recovered; (f) Preventing, whenever feasible, the use of halon in equipment testing and for training of personnel; (g) Evaluating and taking into account only those substitutes and replacements of halon, for which no other more environmentally suitable ones are available; (h) Promoting the environmentally safe destruction of halons, when they are not needed in halon banks (existing or to be created).

16. Decision VII/12 - Key Points • Voluntarily minimise halon emissions by: • Limiting new halon use to Critical (meeting the Essential Use criteria) Applications; • Considering decommissioning non-Critical installations, as quickly as feasible; • Taking into account only replacements for which no other more environmentally suitable ones are available; • Promoting the environmentally safe destruction of halons not needed in banks.

17. Decision VIII/17 - Key Points [Before extensive destruction of halon]: • Studies (two) on future availability of halons for critical applications: • If shortfall, TEAP/HTOC propose action; • If surplus, TEAP/HTOC provide guidance on disposal or redeployment, bearing in mind needs of Article 5 Parties; identify potential barriers; suggest how to overcome them.

18. Decision IX/16 - Key Points • TEAP to examine [again] feasibility of early decommissioning in non-Article 5 Parties of all [non-Critical] halon; • Destruction or redeployment of stocks; • Bearing in mind: • Article 5 needs; • efficacy of alternatives; • decommissioning and destruction experience.

19. Recent Decisions - Implications Changes in Political Complexion of the Montreal Protocol: • Criticality = Use Control • Pressure to decommission proactively • Pressure to destroy halon • Consider other environmental issues

20. Kyoto Protocol (1) • Completed 10 December 1997 • Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from Annex 1 (industrialised) Parties to reduce by 5.2% on average by 2008-2010 • Promised reductions: Europe 8%; USA 7%; Canada and Japan 6%; etc • "Demonstrable progress" by 2005

21. Kyoto Protocol (2) • Gases covered: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride*, hydrofluorocarbons* and perfluorocarbons* • * option of 1995, not 1990, baseline • Assessment is of total reduction - no requirements for individual gases • Credit for carbon sinks

22. Kyoto Protocol (3) • Emissions trading possible • No targets for developing countries • Credit for non-Annex 1 reductions • Signing 3.98 to 3.99; takes effect 90 days after 55 Parties and 55% of 1990 Annex 1 emissions have signed • Next Meeting Buenos Aires 11.98

23. Halon and its Replacements - an Environmental Update • Montreal Protocol - Political Changes • Use Control • Proactive decommissioning • Pressure to destroy halon • Kyoto Protocol

24. Summary:  Ozone Depletion Issues:  International recognition that ozone 1985 layer protection was needed.   Plan to reduce CFC production. CAP @ 1987 1986 Level.  Production limit halved & ban date 1990 set @ Y2K.  Production ban moved forward 6 yrs. 1992 to 1994.  First use limit “Critical Applications 1995 Only”.  Destruction of excess recommended.

25. Summary (cont’d) Global Warming Issues:  International recognition that global 1992 warming gases needed to be limited.  Agreement to reduce global warming 1997 gases. • Including most Halon Alternative Agents.

26. Conclusions: •Chemical induced environmental damage has led to: • Continuously Tightened Controls & • Ever Broadening Scope • The aviation community as one of the few remaining users of Halons will incur increased political scrutiny and oversight. • Some Alternative Agents which were OK under the Montreal Protocol are likely to be impacted by KYOTO Protocol in the long term.

27. Recommendations: •Aviation community needs to proactively limit the use of Halons. • Replace Halons where possible (in order of doability). • Lavatory bin • Cabin portables • Engine nacelle • Cargo compartments • Limit discharges • Minimize testing • Test with surogates • Maintain equipment

28. Recommendations Cont’d: •Environmental impact must be a key design consideration on future fire suppression applications. • Design decision rationale should be permanently documented showing the trade off’s considered. • Halon banking and forecasting of future needs is essential to protect the existing world supply of Halon from destruction. • Proactive political involvement in environmental rule making is necessary to assure that aviations needs are properly understood and considered.