Holt Call to Freedom

1. Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 1: The World before the Opening of the Atlantic (Beginnings – 1500)

2. 1.1 The Earliest Americans OBJECTIVES: • Explain how the first people arrived in the Americas. • Analyze why the development of agriculture was important • Identify some aspects of early Mesoamerican culture. • Describe early societies in North America and their accomplishments. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 2

3. I. The First Migration to the Americas ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 3

4. A. The Ice Age • During the last Ice Age, large amounts of water were locked up in ice sheets called glaciers. • Lower ocean levels created a land mass between northeastern Asia and present-day Alaska that geographers call Beringia. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 4

5. Source: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mapshells/north_america/alaska/alaska.htm

6. B. Travelers from Asia • Historians use archaeology – the study of the unwritten past – to learn about the people from Asia they believe crossed over into North America on this land bridge. • Archaeologists study artifacts, or remains of objects made by humans. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 6

7. ARROWHEADS Source: http://www.pma.edmonton.ab.ca/human/archaeo/aspects/_project.htm

8. B. Travelers from Asia • Artifacts show that the Paleo-Indians, or the first Americans, crossed into Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 B.C. 4. This migration – movement of people from one region to another – took place over a long period of time. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 8

9. B. Travelers from Asia 5. Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers who hunted animals and gathered wild plants. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 9

10. HUNTER-GATHERERS Source: http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_agrev/3-Hunting-and-Gathering/hunt-gathering1.html

11. II. Adapting to a New Climate ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 11

12. A. The New Climate • When the Ice Age ended about 8,000 B.C., glaciers melted, oceans rose, and Beringia was covered by water. • New environments – climates and landscapes that surround living things – appeared. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 12

13. B. New Ways of Life • Different environments led to new societies, or groups that share a common culture – a set of common values and traditions. • Some societies practiced domestication, the process of breeding plants or animals to meet human needs. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 13

14. B. New Ways of Life • Archaeologists in Mexico have found signs of the first maize, or corn, grown by people. 4. Agriculture allowed for villages and larger and more complex societies to develop. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 14

15. This maize ear resembles the earliest archaeological corn recovered from the Tehuacán valley in Mexico. Maize Photo by: John Doebley MAIZE Photo by: John Doebley Photo by: Hugh Iltis Source: http://www.wisc.edu/teosinte/images.htm

16. III. Mesoamerica and South America ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 16

17. A. Mesoamerican Culture • The Olmec developed writing using glyphs – symbols that represent ideas. • The Aztecs built a large empire in the central valley of Mexico. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 17

18. GLYPHS The photo shows a cylinder seal that was discovered at an Olmec site at San Andréas in Mexico. The image at right shows what would be printed when the seal is inked and rolled out. The bird appears to be "speaking" the markings at far right. Among the markings are symbols for kingship and a calendar date, and researchers say they probably represent the name of an Olmec king. Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/olmec/olmec-writing.htm

19. B. South America • Inca civilization began in the Andes. • The Inca Empire included some 25,000 miles of road. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 19

20. IV. Early North American Societies ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 20

21. A. The Anasazi • The Anasazi lived in the southwest where there was little rainfall. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 21

22. Eastern and Midwestern North America • The Hopewell lived along the Mississippi and lower Missouri River valleys until about 400 A.D. • The Mississippians lived along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers between 700 A.D. and 1500 A.D. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 22

23. 1.2 Cultural Areas in North America OBJECTIVES: • Explain how the environment influenced Native American cultures in North America. • Describe the types of housing built by Native Americans. • Examine the various traits of Native Americans in different culture areas. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 23

24. I. The Far North ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 24

25. A. The Arctic culture area • The Inuit lived in present-day northern Alaska and Canada; the Aleut lived in western Alaska. • Both groups used kayaks, or one-person canoes covered with skins. • The Intuit sometimes build igloos, or houses made of ice or other materials. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 25

26. ALEUT KAYAK (or Baidarka) Source: http://www.skinboats.com/baidarka.html The Aleut kayak (generally designated in literature by the term baidarka), because of the perfection of its design and construction, was greatly admired by the foreign seamen who explored this part of Alaska during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Source: http://www.arctickayaks.com/PDF/Robert-Lamblin1980/robert-lamblin1980.pdf

27. The Subarctic Culture • The subarctic culture area included the Athabascan and Algonquian peoples. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 27

28. II. The Pacific Coast ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 28

29. A. Environment • Mild climate with rich supply of wildlife and plants • In the Northwest, the Tlingit, Nootka, and Skokomish peoples relied on salmon, sea otters, and whales for food. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 29

30. Cultures • Northwest people carved images of totems – ancestor or animal spirits – on tall wooden poles. • To show wealth, individuals held potlatches, events to give away belongings. • Native Americans in the California region had abundant food sources year-round, which made farming unnecessary. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 30

31. TOTEM POLE Source: http://www.everythingalaska.com/eta.ttp3.html#

32. III. The West and Southwest ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 32

33. A. Great Basin • Dry climate made survival difficult. • Groups included the Paiute, Shoshone, and Ute. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 33

34. The Southwest • Groups included the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo. • Pueblo people held religious activities in kivas, or round ceremonial rooms. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 34

35. KIVA …three-dimensional reconstruction of a Great Kiva, an architectural feature found in many prehistoric Anasazi communities in the Southwestern United States. This particular model was created using archaeological records from the excavated Chetro Ketl Great Kiva, which was found in Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico. Source: http://sipapu.ucsb.edu/great.kiva/old/index.html

36. IV. The Great Plains ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 36

37. A. The Region • Stretches from Canada into Texas and is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Mississippi Valley to the east. • Mainly grasslands, was home to millions of buffalo and other game animals ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 37

38. Societies • Mandan lived on the northern Plains; Pawnee lived on the Central Plains; Apache lived on the southern Plains. • Eastern and western borders – Arapaho, Blackfoot, Comanche, Teton Sioux ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 38

39. V. The East ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 39

40. A. Southeastern Groups • Southeastern groups included the Cherokee, Creek, Natchez, and Seminole. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 40

41. The Northeast • Algonquian and Iroquois were the two main groups. • Some Algonquians lived in wigwams, or small round huts, while the Iroquois lived in longhouses, or rectangular homes of log and bark. • Iroquois League – political confederation that included several groups. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 41

42. WIGWAMS Note the dome shape of the wigwam http://www.nativetech.org/wigwam/phototour.html

43. LONGHOUSES Source: http://www.nativeamericans.com/Wigwams.htm

44. 1.3 Europe during the Middle Ages OBJECTIVES: • Identify the new lands the Vikings explored. • Describe society and daily life during the Middle Ages. • Examine the role of the Catholic Church in people’s lives during the Middle Ages. • Analyze events that brought about major change in the late Middle Ages. ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 44

45. I. The Viking Explorations ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 45

46. A. The Vikings • Came from Scandinavia • Used ships to raid and trade throughout Europe Source: http://www.mariner.org//educationalad/ageofex/viking_exp.php ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 46

47. Viking Settlements • Settled Iceland and Greenland ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 47

48. Greenland Iceland VIKING SETTLEMENTS Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L). Source: http://www.learningenrichment.org/eyes_viking_map.html

49. C. North American Settlements • Lief Eriksson and his crew sailed from Greenland around A.D. 1000. • Landed in present-day Canada and established a settlement in an area he called Vinland • Abandoned Vinland, perhaps because of attacks from Native Americans or distance from other Viking settlements ©Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes 49

50. Greenland Iceland VIKING SETTLEMENTS Vinland Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L). Source: http://www.learningenrichment.org/eyes_viking_map.html