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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions. Economic Contraction Import of silver from Americas declined Economic recession intensified Population Changes 16 th century saw growth

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

  2. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions • Economic Contraction • Import of silver from Americas declined • Economic recession intensified • Population Changes • 16th century saw growth • First population recovery since the Black Death • 17th century leveled off & declined • Population growth leveled off by 1620 and declined slightly by 1750 • Population fluctuated narrowly for the rest of the 17th century • Reasons: war, famine, and plague along with a “little ice age” which affected harvests

  3. Possible Test Question • Seventeenth-century European population • Increased dramatically due to greater food production. • Decreased dramatically due to disease and war. • Experienced great fluctuations as European nations established colonies. • Fluctuated narrowly, constrained by famines and diseases. • A and C.

  4. The Witchcraft Craze • Witchcraft existed for centuries as a traditional village culture • Medieval church connected witchcraft to the devil, making it an act of heresy • Establishment of the Inquisition in the 13th century, increased prosecutions and executions • Accusations against witches • Allegiance to the devil • Attended sabbats • Use of evil incantations or potions

  5. Reasons for witchcraft prosecutions • Religious uncertainty (areas of strife between Protestants & Catholics) • Social conditions – old single women cut off from charity by the new emphasis on capitalism over communal interests became the scapegoats when problems arose • Women as primary victims • Most theologians, lawyers, & philosophers believed women were inferior to men & more susceptible to witchcraft • Begins to subside by mid-seventeenth century • Fewer judges were willing to prosecute accused witches • A more educated populous questioned the old view of a world haunted by spirits

  6. Possible Test Question • The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries • Came out of the social unrest deriving from the shift from individualism to communalism. • were often directed against old single women. • Were generally directed only at people who denied that they were religious. • Were primarily restricted to rural areas. • Were minimal in comparison to the late Middle Ages.

  7. The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) • Background • Religious conflict (militant Catholicism & militant Calvinism) • Secular, dynastic-nationalist considerations were more important • Tensions in the Holy Roman Empire • Most of the fighting took place in Germany, but it was a Europe wide struggle • Conflict for European leadership • Between: Bourbon dynasty of France vs. Habsburg dynasty of Spain & Holy Roman Empire • Posturing for war (think alliance system) • Frederick IV of Palatinate (Calvinist) formed the Protestant Union • Duke Maximilian of Bavaria (Catholic) formed the Catholic League of German States • Germany divided into two armed alliances along religious lines • Holy Roman Emperors looked to relatives in Spain to help consolidate their authority in the German States • German princes looked to Spain’s enemy France for support

  8. The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) • Bohemian estates accepted Habsburg Archduke Ferdinand as their king • Ferdinand set about re-catholicizing Bohemia • Protestants rebelled in 1618, deposing Ferdinand & electing Protestant ruler Frederick V of Palatinate (head of Protestant Union) • Ferdinand is elected Holy Roman Emperor & returned with the help of Maximilian of Bavaria & the Catholic League • Imperial forces & Spanish retook Bohemia & captured Palatinate by 1622

  9. The Danish Phase (1625 – 1629) • King Christian IV of Denmark intervened on the Protestant side • Formed alliances with United Provinces & England • Christian IV’s forces were defeated, ending Danish supremacy in the Baltic Sea • Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution (1629) • Prohibited Calvinist worship • Restored property to the Catholic church

  10. The Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635) • Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden enters the war • Gustavus’s army defeated imperial forces & moved into central Germany • Imperial forces defeat the Swedes at the battle of Nordlingen, ensuring that southern Germany would remain Catholic • The emperor tried to use this victory to make peace by annulling the Edict of Restitution of 1629 • The peace failed because the Swedes wished to continue fighting & the French Catholics under Cardinal Richelieu were about to enter the war on the Protestant side

  11. The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648) • Battle of Rocroi (1643) French defeat Spanish troops, ending Spain’s military greatness • French defeat Bavarian & Imperialist armies in Southern Germany • War in Germany ends in 1648 but continues between the French & Spanish until 1659

  12. Possible Test Question • The Thirty Years’ War • Eventually involved every country in Europe and Asia. • Is considered by most to be the first “modern” war. • Is considered by most to be part of the larger Bourbon-Habsburg struggle. • Was primarily fought in Spain. • Was exclusively caused by religious differences.

  13. Possible Test Question • The event that sparked the Thirty Years’ War was • A rebellion of Protestant nobles against the Catholic ruler Ferdinand in Bohemia. • The invasion of France by Frederick IV. • The Spanish conquest of the Netherlands and subsequent local enforcement of the bloody Inquisition. • The overthrow of Spanish rule in Mesoamerica by Dutch pirates and privateers. • England’s victory over the Spanish Armada.

  14. Outcomes of the 30 year war • Peace of Westphalia (1648) • All German states were free to determine their own religion • France & Sweden gained territory • Holy Roman emperor reduced to a figurehead • Made clear that religion & politics were now separate • Social and economic effects • Decline in German Population • Some areas of Germany were devastated, others were untouched & experienced economic growth • Most destructive European war to date

  15. Possible Test Question • As a result of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 • The German population was to be converted to Catholicism. • All German states could choose their own religions, except for Calvinism. • German states were allowed to determine their religion. • The institution of the Holy Roman Empire was to be the ruling force in Germany for the next 100 years. • The Holy Roman Empire was dismembered.

  16. Outcomes continued • Peace of Pyrenees (1659) • Ends the conflict between France & Spain • Spain becomes a 2nd class power • France emerges as the dominant European nation • Some historians feel the 30 years (1618-1648) should actually be called the 50 years war (1609-1659) stretching from the formation of the Protestant Union & Catholic League to the Peace of Pyrenees

  17. Map 15.1: The Thirty Years’ War

  18. A Military Revolution? • War and Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe made it essential that a ruler had a powerful military • New Tactics • Battalions of infantry armed with pikes became superior to cavalry • Gustavus Adolphus employed a standing army (conscripts) instead of mercenaries • Mixed musketeers with pikemen effectively (volley of shots followed by a rush) • Adolphus used a similar strategy with cavalry • New Technologies • Firearms, cannons, standing armies, mobile tactics • The Cost of a Modern Military • Heavier taxes making war an economic burden • State bureaucracy grew and so did the power of state government

  19. Possible Test Question • The “military revolution,” or changes in the science and practice of warfare between 1550 and 1650, saw armies • Become more disciplined but less flexible. • Align in units of blocks rather than lines. • Abandon the use of cavalry. • Change from mercenaries to conscripts for manpower. • Change from conscripts to more reliable mercenary soldiers.

  20. Rebellions • Peasant Revolts (1590 – 1640) • France, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and Catalonia experienced Peasant revolts • France also had nobles revolt 1648 to 1652 • Russia (1641, 1645 and 1648) • Peasant revolts in the cities • Sweden, Denmark & United Provinces • Revolts involving clergy, nobles, workers • Most revolts were due to the 30 Years’ War and discontent over government

  21. Absolute Monarchy in France • Absolutism – sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right • Foundations of French Absolutism • Political Theorist Jean Bodin defined sovereign power as authority to: • Make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state & determine foreign policy • Bishop Jacques Bossuet wrote: • Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture – God established kings so their rule was divine

  22. Possible Test Question • Absolutism means • The real power in any state must be religious and exercised by the church. • Ultimate authority rests solely in the hands of a king who rules by divine right. • Subordinate powers have an absolute right to advise the king on conducting the affairs of state. • No matter how humble, male citizens have an absolute right to participate in politics. • Rule by a secular dictator, justifying his/her authority by supposedly serving the people.

  23. Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642) • Cardinal Richelieu (1624 – 1642) • Louis XIII’s chief advisor • Initiated policies that strengthened the monarchy • Eliminated political & military rights of Huguenots (French Calvinists) but preserved their religious ones • Transformed the Huguenots into more reliable subjects • Eliminated noble threats to the crown • Sent out royal officials (intendants) to reform & strengthen the central government • Richelieu ran the crown into debt • Mismanagement of funds & 30 Years’ War expenditures

  24. Possible Test Question • As Louis XIII’s chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu was most successful in • Evicting the Huguenot presence from France after the La Rochelle rebellion. • Expanding the political and social rights of the Huguenots. • Creating a reservoir of funds for the treasury. • Emerging victorious from the Fronde revolts of the nobility. • Strengthening the central role of the monarchy in domestic and foreign policy.

  25. Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661) • Cardinal Mazarin (1642 – 1661) • Richelieu’s successor • Louis the XIII died a few months later • Louis the XIV inherited the crown at the age of 4 • Mazarin was Italian born, so he was resented • The Fronde-Noble Revolt • Nobles sided with Parlement of Paris-both opposed taxes levied to pay for 30 Years’ War • 1st Fronde- Nobles of the robe (lawyers & administrators) ended in compromise • 2nd Fronde – Nobles of the sword, (medieval nobles) was crushed as nobles began fighting amongst themselves • After the Fronde ended, the people of France looked to the crown to provide stability

  26. Possible Test Question • The series of noble revolts known as the Fronde resulted in • The assassination of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661. • Renewed power for the Parlement of Paris. • A unified noble army securing and increasing its own power. • French citizens looking to the monarchy for stability. • The reappearance of the Estates General as France’s law-making body.

  27. The Reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715) • Louis XIV took control of France at the age of 23 • Administration of the Government • Domination and bribery • Dominated the actions of ministers and secretaries • Stacked the royal council with loyal followers from new aristocratic families • Issued bribes to control provinces and the people who ran them • Religious Policy “One King, one law, one faith” • Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) • Revoked the Edict of Nantes (1598) • Destruction of Huguenot churches & closing of Protestant schools • Over 200k Huguenots left France, weakening the economy & strengthening Protestant opposition to Louis in other countries

  28. Possible Test Question • Louis XIV restructured the policy-making machinery of the French government by • Personally dominating the actions of his ministers and secretaries. • Stacking the royal council with loyal followers from relatively new aristocratic families. • Selecting his ministers from established aristocratic families. • All of the above. • A and B.

  29. Possible Test Question • Louis XIV’s Edict of Fontainbleau • Created new ranks of intendants to govern various regions of France. • Revoked the earlier Edict of Nantes, curtailed the rights of French Protestants, and caused thousands of highly skill Huguenots to flee the country. • Established new standards of court etiquette and was intended to diminish the power of great nobles. • Removed most French bishops from their sees and replaced them with nobles to strengthen Louis’ control of the French Catholic Church. • Moved the Estates General from Paris to Fontainebleau.

  30. Financial Issues • Jean Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683) (controller general of finances) • Helped Louis avoid economic disaster • Followed mercantilist approach – decrease imports, increase exports • Raised tariffs on imports causing tension with neighboring countries • Tax burden still fell on the peasants

  31. Possible Test Question • The economic policies of jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV’s controller general of finances • Were noted for their innovation and originality. • Used new accounting practices to take the tax burden off the peasants. • Were based on the economic theory of mercantilism that stressed government regulation of economic affairs to benefit the state. • Gave Louis the large surplus in the treasury needed to carry out his wars. • Could best be described as laissez-faire.

  32. Palace at Versailles • Daily Life at Versailles • Purposes of Versailles • Intended to overawe subjects & impress foreign dignitaries • Housed royal officials & princes • Court life and etiquette • Set the standard for European monarchies • Princes & nobles were arranged according to seniority • Real purpose was to exclude them from power by including them in the life of the king at Versailles

  33. Possible Test Question • The costly palace built by Louis XIV, that became the envy of all European monarchs, was • Fontainebleau. • Versailles. • Aix-la-Chapelle. • Avignon. • Mont St. Michele.

  34. The Wars of Louis XIV • The Wars of Louis XIV • Professional army: 100,000 men in peacetime; 400,000 in wartime • Louis XIV waged war to insure French dominance in Europe and preserve the Bourbon dynasty • Four wars between 1667 – 1713 • Invasion of Spanish Netherlands (1667-1668) • Triple Alliance (English, Dutch & Swedes) forced Louis to sue for peace (received a few towns in the Spanish Netherlands) • Dutch War (1672-1678) • Louis invaded the United Provinces leading Brandenburg, Spain, & the Holy Roman Empire to form a coalition to stop him • Received Franche-Comte from Spain • Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, occupation of Strasbourg (1679) led to new opposition.

  35. Louis’s Wars • War of the League of Augsburg (1689 – 1697) • Spain, The Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces, Sweden, & England formed the League of Augsburg • Caused economic depression and famine in France • Treaty of Ryswick ended the war causing Louis to give up most of the territory he had previously gained

  36. Louis’s Wars • War of the Spanish Succession (1702 – 1713) • Louis’s grandson was set to inherit the Spanish throne, (Phillip V) scaring neighboring countries about a united Spain & France • Coalition of England, United Provinces, Habsburg Austria, & the German states opposed France & Spain • Peace of Utrecht (1713) • Confirmed Phillip V as ruler of Spain • Affirmed thrones would remain separate • Coalition gained French & Spanish territory • England emerges as a strong naval force, gaining territory in America from France • Louis XIV died 2 years later, leaving France broke and surrounded by enemies.

  37. Map 15.2: The Wars of Louis XIV

  38. Possible Test Question • The War of the Spanish Succession was effectively concluded with the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 which • Gave the French king control of Spanish territories. • Gave France control over the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, and Milan. • Greatly benefited England, by then a strong naval power. • Destroyed the European balance of power. • Ended the independence of Spain, which was now under Bourbon rule.

  39. The Decline of Spain • Bankruptcies in 1596 and in 1607 • Phillip II • Spent money on war • Philip III (1598 – 1621) • Spent money on court luxuries • Allowed nobles to run the country (widespread corruption) • Philip IV (1621 – 1665) • Chief minister Gaspar de Guzman attempts reform • Aimed at curtailing power of the Catholic Church and the aristocracy • The Thirty Years’ War • Expensive military campaigns • Civil War • The Netherlands lost

  40. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe • The German States • The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia • The Hohenzollern Dynasty • Frederick William the Great Elector (1640 – 1688) • Army (standing army of 40K men) • General War Commissariat to levy taxes • Evolved into an agency for civil government • Reinforced serfdom through concessions to the nobles • Used Mercantilist Policies • High tariffs, subsidies, & monopolies • Frederick III (1688 – 1713) • Aided Holy Roman Empire in the War of Spanish Succession • In return, he was granted the title King of Prussia (1701)

  41. Possible Test Question • Frederick William the Elector built Brandenburg-Prussia into a significant European power by • Establishing religious uniformity in his kingdom, as evidenced in his eviction of the Huguenots. • Freeing the peasants from the dominion of the nobles. • Using his army whenever possible to gain his ends. • Making the General War Commissariat the bureaucratic machine of his state. • Allying Prussia with England and Russia against France and the Holy Roman Empire.

  42. The Emergence of Austria • Habsburgs • Gave up hope of a German empire, turned to Eastern Europe • Leopold I (1658 – 1705) • Expands eastward • Conflicts with the Turks • Siege of Vienna (1683) • Defeated Turks (1687) & gained Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia • Gained Spanish territory in Netherlands and Northern Italy from the War of Spanish Succession • Austria did not have a centralized government controlled by the monarchy. Instead they relied on loyalty from regional nobility.

  43. Possible Test Question • The Austrian Empire in the seventeenth century • Was unified by linguistic and ethnic ties. • Was defeated at Vienna by a Turkish army in 1687. • Was a highly centralized, absolutist state under Leopold I. • Lost a German empire, but gained one in eastern and southeastern Europe. • Successfully expanded into Western Europe.

  44. Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule • Defeat of the French in Italy by Charles V (1530) • Allowed Italian rulers to stay in power as long as they acknowledged Spanish superiority • Spanish Presence (1559 – 1713) • Tightened control under Phillip II’s reign • Consequences of the War of the Spanish Succession • Austria gained Spanish possessions and began to influence Italy

  45. Possible Test Question • Which of the following exerted the most influence on Italy by the eighteenth century? • France • England • Spain • The Ottoman Empire • Austria

  46. Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power • Ivan IV the Terrible (1533 – 1584) • First Tsar • Expanded territory eastward • Extended autocracy of Tsar by crushing Russian nobility (boyars) • Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917) • National Assembly chose Michael Romanov as the new Tsar • Stratified Society • Tsar • Landed aristocrats – bind peasants to the land • Surplus of land, shortage of workers • Peasants and townspeople • Tied to their land and businesses (highly repressive system of serfdom) • Led to peasant revolts

  47. Possible Test Question • Russian society in the seventeenth century • Witnessed the reign of Ivan the Terrible. • Witnessed profound religious reforms in the Russian Orthodox church. • Was characterized by a highly oppressive system of serfdom. • Saw the rise of the merchant class to power. • Saw the end of serfdom and the emergence of a prosperous free peasantry.

  48. Visits the West (1697 – 1698) Seeks to modernize Russia Mostly technical Reorganizes armed forces Modernized military – standing army of 210,000 Created a navy Reorganizes central government Divides Russia into provinces Seeks control of the Russian Church Introduces Western Customs No spitting on floor or scratching oneself at dinner Cutting off beards and coats The Reign of Peter the Great (1689 – 1725)

  49. The Reign of Peter the Great • Positive Impact of Reforms on Women • Upper class women were encouraged to mingle with men • Women could choose who they wanted to marry • “Open a window to the West” • A port easily accessible to Europe • Attacks Sweden • Battle of Narva (1700) • 8,000 Swedes defeat 40,000 Russians • Great Northern War (1701 – 1721) • Battle of Poltava (1709) • Russian army defeats Swedish army • Peace of Nystadt (1721) • Russia gains control of Estonia, Livonia and Karelia • St. Petersburg • “Window to the West” (port in the Baltic Sea) • New Russian capital

  50. Possible Test Question • Peter the Great’s foreign policy had as its primary goal • Opening of a port easily accessible to Europe. • Destruction of the Ottoman Empire. • Capture of the Scandinavian countries. • Control of Constantinople and the Dardanelles. • Conquest of Siberia.

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