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History of the Internet and Internet Basics

History of the Internet and Internet Basics. AGED 4143 Electronic Communications in Agriculture. History. (1969) The U.S. DOD wanted a non-centralized network over phone lines that would survive power outages (ARPANet -- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

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History of the Internet and Internet Basics

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  1. History of the Internetand Internet Basics AGED 4143 Electronic Communications in Agriculture

  2. History • (1969) The U.S. DOD wanted a non-centralized network over phone lines that would survive power outages (ARPANet -- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) • J.C.R. Licklider was the primary developer • He informally referred his idea as the “intergalactic network,” (later reduced to “internet”) • Defense research programs at UCLA and Stanford were the first two nodes

  3. History • (1972) NCSC developed telnet, allowing for remote log in • (1973) FTP was introduced, allowing easy transfer of files among remote computers • (1977-83) A standard method of packaging messages was developed (TCP/IP-Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol), and more supercomputers (nodes) were added

  4. History • (1983) MILNET split from ARPANET • (1983) Desktop computers with UNIX operating systems appeared • (1985) The NSF got involved by linking a major network (NSFNET) to the internet for use by academic researchers

  5. History 1993 NSFNET Backbone

  6. History • (1989) The backbone network was upgraded with help from IBM to "T1" (1.5 million bits of data per second, or about 50 pages of text per second) • 1990 ARPANET was dissolved • 1993 NSFNET was upgraded to “T3” • (1994) Internet use exploded due to the advent of the the University of Minnesota’s Gopher Server and CERN’s World Wide Web.

  7. History

  8. History • The Web was a project developed by CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), a European organization energy research • The Web was built with the use of hypertext in mind (term coined in 1968) • (1979) Charles Goldfarb invented SGML, which led to HTML (Tim Berners-Lee)

  9. History • (1994) Netscape was founded; Web servers on the internet grew from 250 to 2500 in one year • (1993-94) Web browsers Mosiac and Netscape Navigator were introduced • (1995) Servers grew to 73,500 in one year • (1998) 72.6 million Americans had internet access

  10. History • WYSIWYG, icon-driven programming is commonplace • Real-time and interactive communication is prevalent, with the advent of CGI programming and video and audio streaming • 64% of Americans 12 and older used the internet in 2001

  11. History • Projections: • 2005: 300 million people will be connected

  12. How the Web Works • http://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server1.htm

  13. How the Web Works • http://www.howstuffworks.com/web-server1.htm • The Web is only a part of the internet • Some of the “servers” connected to the internet are “web servers” • Special software to handle http (hypertext transfer protocol)

  14. How the Web Works • Servers have their own domain name, which is a human conversion of an IP (internet protocol) address • E.g., www.howstuffworks.com = 209.116.69.66 • The domain name is a part of the URL (uniform resource locator), which is the web address

  15. How the Web Works • Servers have their own domain name, which is a human conversion of an IP (internet protocol) address • E.g., www.howstuffworks.com = 209.116.69.66 • The domain name is a part of the URL (uniform resource locator), which is the web address • Web browsers request documents from web servers using the URL

  16. How the Web Works • URLs contain the following elements • access method (usually hypertext transfer protocol -- http://) • location or domain name (www.uark.edu) • directories and HTML file (/depts/aeedhp/index.html) • So, the address for the AEED home page is http://www.uark.edu/depts/aeedhp/index.html • Organizations like InterNIC, working with the World Trade Organization, register domain names for $35 and up

  17. How the Web Works • Modems convert digital information to analog information that can travel over the physical lines that make up the internet • These lines include phone lines (twisted pair and optical fiber), coaxial cable, satellite airwaves, then they convert incoming analog signals back to digital • Digital conversion takes time and slows download speeds

  18. How the Web Works • Information requested by the browser on your lab computer from a Web server in India, for example, probably follows this route: • Server in India – Regional network in Asia – backbone network – regional network in U.S. – U of A server – PC in computer lab • All the files related to a Web site are stored in a directory on a web server (usually owned by an ISP/OSP or by a large company or organization)

  19. How the Web Works • Each web site is a collection of pages linked by hypertext that can be read with a web browser, like Netscape Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer • The browser reads the HTML tags for the page requested and represents them on the monitor as graphics and text. • When you “open” a web site, your computer downloads each individual file associated with each page to its RAM and displays the visual images on your monitor

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