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Makah Whaling: stop the hunt

Makah Whaling: stop the hunt. Rebecca Johnson, Colton Picket, Kelsea Holloway. Outline. Background Legal Context Cultural Arguments. Biology/Ecology of Grey Whale. http://www.arkive.org , brandoncole.com. mostoftheworld.com, carnivoraforum.com. 1. Ozette digsite. makah.com.

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Makah Whaling: stop the hunt

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  1. Makah Whaling: stop the hunt Rebecca Johnson, Colton Picket, Kelsea Holloway

  2. Outline • Background • Legal Context • Cultural Arguments

  3. Biology/Ecology of Grey Whale http://www.arkive.org, brandoncole.com

  4. mostoftheworld.com, carnivoraforum.com

  5. 1. Ozettedigsite makah.com

  6. Makah Whaling Timeline visualphotos.com, themakahtribe.yolasite.com, fronwash.blogspot.com

  7. lizstuckey.blogspot.com. greenpeace.org.uk. http://www.arkive.org

  8. news.infoshop.org, makah.com,noaa.com

  9. mwob.co.uk, http://www.arkive.org

  10. Main points of contention

  11. Treaty of 1855 • Makah people were guaranteed… “the right of taking fish and of whaling or sealing at usual and accustomed grounds and stations.” • Ceded most of their land and moved to a reservation Treaty of Neah Bay, 1855

  12. Makah stopped whaling in 1920’s • Grey whale placed on Endangered Species List (1972) • De-listed in 1994; population near original levels Cantzler 2007 http://www.portofeverett.com/home/index.asp?page=146

  13. Petition in 1995 • Ask for permission to hunt again • Approved by Congress • Tribe promised: • Only subsistence • Used within tribe • Cultural/religious practice • Request approved 1996 • Took a whale in 1999 http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/mcrc&CISOPTR=464 Renker

  14. Courts Halt the Hunt • Planned a hunt for 2000 • Metcalf vs. Daley • 9th Circuit Court of Appeals – ruled in violation of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) • EA filed too late • Environmental impact not properly considered http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-whale/ No. 98-36135, 2000

  15. Makah Challenge the Decision • 2002 – IWC grants a second five-year quota • 2004 – 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled Makah must comply with MMPA • 2005 – Makah submitted waiver • 2008 – NOAA submits EIS • Awaiting decision NOAA 2005 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/wallpaper/animals/photos/whales/gray-whale/

  16. Sets precedent that all that’s needed is cultural heritage • Not just subsistence • Japan, Norway, and Iceland could make same claim “None of us have even tasted a whale or know how to prepare it or cut it. They lied and said we were starving. “ Alberta Thompson, Makah Tribal Member, 72 years old Hogan 1996, Petersen 1996

  17. Where do the whales stand? • Western North Pacific gray whale population still critically endangered • Population not recovering • Eastern population makes for good study system • Would also be where other nations aimed effort • Could be affected by climate change and high pollution • Salt factory could be built next to birthing grounds in Mexico IUCN 2008, Garza 1999 http://blog.island-adventures.com/2008_03_09_archive.html

  18. Culture Historical • Tools: Dugout canoes, sealskin floats, harpoons, lances • Historical Uses: Whale oil, meat, bones, potlatch, trade http://www.makah.com/whalingtradition.html

  19. Culture Present Day • Tools today: harpoon, .577-calibre elephant gun • Modern Use: Whale oil, meat, tools, potlatch • More humane today, but does that take away from the cultural aspect? http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=102x2983255

  20. Why Makah Quit Whaling • Grey whales on brink of extinction • A decline in the societal demand for whale oil • Social and economic dislocation of the tribe • Opposition by federal authorities

  21. Reasons for Returning the Hunt • Claims • Has led to Alcoholism, crime, and drug use • Whaling will bring back “pride and discipline” (Van Ginkel 2004) • Uses of the whale http://www.rustylime.com/show_article.php?id=3039

  22. Culture • Only certain members of the tribe are allowed in the hunt • Many tribal members are not even directly related to whaling cheifs and have little to gain personally(Dougherty 2001). • Many tribal elders do not see a need for the hunt, as it is a thing of the past • "We think the word `subsistence' is the wrong thing to say when our people haven't used or had whale meat/blubber since the early 1900s . . . (Petersen 1996)

  23. Other Options • Mock-whaling • “This simulated whaling would satisfy cultural and social tribal traditions, while also distinguishing the renewed Makah bond with the whale as a unique environmental and ceremonial tradition.”(Petersen 1996) • Museums • Whale watching • “…might the federal government pay the tribes not to whale in the same way they subsidize farmers not to plant crops? Whale watching along the West coast is a $100 million yearly business.” (Petersen 1996) http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2009/02/gray-whales-national-parks-and-climate-change

  24. “Our treaty rights will stand whether we go whaling or not”(Petersen 1996).

  25. Works Cited Cantzler J. Environmental Justice and Social Power Rhetoric in the Moral Battle over Whaling.Sociological Inquiry. August 2007;77(3):483-512. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 30, 2011. Dougherty, j. 2001 Resurrection. SF Weekly, July 11, 2001. Garza, A. 1999. Plan for Baja Salt Factory Provokes Whale Worries. LA Times. Macdonald, D. (2001) The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford University Press, Oxford.  No. 98-36135, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. June 9, 2000. NOAA Fisheries. Chronology of Events Related to the Makah Tribal Whale Hunt. 2005. Petersen, Brenda. 1996. Who Will Speak For The Whales? -- Elders Call For A Spiritual Dialogue On Makah Tribe's Whaling Proposal. The Seattle Times. Available from http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive Renker, A. The Makah Tribe: People of the Sea and the Forest. University of Washington. University libraries. Available from http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/renker.html#foot10 Rugh, D. J., R.C. Hobbs, J.A. Lerczak and J.M. Breiwick. 2005. Estimates of abundance of the eastern North Pacific stock of gray whales (Eschrichtiusrobustus) 1997-2002. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7: 1-12 Schmidt, Sarah. 1999. The One That Got Away. Saturday Night 114: 76 Treaty of Neah Bay of 1855. Explore North. Available from http://explorenorth.com/library/weeklymore/bl-MakahTreaty.htm (Accessed 10/30/11). Van Ginkel, Rob. 2004. The Makah Whale Hunt and Leviathan's Death: Reinventing Tradition and Disputing Authenticity in the Age of Modernity. Etnofloor 17: 58-89. Jones, M.L. and Swartz, S.L. (2002) Gray whale. In: Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. and Thewissen, J.G.M. (Eds) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, London. 9 Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L. & Pol'y 71 (1998) Makah Whaling: Aboriginal Subsistence or a Stepping Stone to Undermining the Commercial Whaling Moratorium; Jenkins, Leesteffy; Romanzo, Cara

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