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Chapter 13. Motivation & Emotion. Theories of Motiviation. Motivation—an internal state that activates behavior and directs it towards a goal. Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Incentive Theory Cognitive Theory. Instinct Theory. Do insticits determine motivation?
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Chapter 13 Motivation& Emotion
Theories of Motiviation • Motivation—an internal state that activates behavior and directs it towards a goal. • Instinct Theory • Drive-Reduction Theory • Incentive Theory • Cognitive Theory
Instinct Theory • Do insticits determine motivation? • Instinct—innate tendencies that determine behavior • Examples: salmon swimming up a river, cleanliness, socialbility, sympathy, parental love • Flaw in theory: Instincts Do NOT explain behavior.
Drive-Reduction Theory • Do needs motivate us? • Need—biological or psychological rquirement of an organism • Need results from a lack of something desireable or useful. • Ex: oxygen, food, self-esteem, social approval • A Need produces a Drive • Drive—a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal
Drive-Reduction Theory (Continued) • A Need produces a Drive • Drive—a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal • Ex: hunger drives us to eat • Homeostasis—the tendency for body to return or mainitain a balnced state • Drive-reduction theory causes human to act in rando or hbitual ways. • At times we like to be out of homeostasis” • Examples????
Incentive Theory • Incentive—an external reinforcer or reward that motivate behavior. • Drives push us to reduce needs; Incentives pull us to obtain them!
Section 2: Biological & Social Motives • Biological Needs are physiological ones that we need to fulfill to survive. • Social Needs are those that are learned through experience.
Cognitive Theory (continued) • If you spend hours and hours playing basketball..which one of the two are you fulfilling? • If your parents want you to excel at a sport, which one are you fulfulling? • You can also be fulfilling both. For example...going out to dinner with friends (Hunger..extrinsinsic) and (Socializing ..intrinsic)
Cognitive Theory • Theory that seeks to explain motivation by looking forces both inside and outside of us that energize us to move. • Extrinsinic motivation—engaging in activities that reduce biologicgal needs or help obtain external incentives • Intrinsic motivation—engaging in activities becasus they are personally rewarding or because they fulfull our beliefs abd expectations.
Biological Motives • Food, water, oxygen, sleep, and avoidance of pain • Hunger • What motivates us? • Smell • Habit • Lateral hypothalamus—part of the brain that produces hunger signals • Ventromedial hypothalamus----part of the brain that can make one stop eating altogether.
Hunger (continued) • Other Factors— • Psychoscocial Factors • External cues that can affect when and where we eat • Smell and appearance of food • When other people are eating • Social pressures to look thin • Being bored or stressed • Certain events: movies—popcorn!
Obesity • Genetics play a large part in a person’s propensity to obesity. • An obese person is categorized as being 30% or more above his or her ideal body weight. • 1/3 of Americans are defined as being obese. • Obesity is also contributed to: • Response to external cues • Insufficient level of exercise • Anxiety & Depression
