Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion Psychology 101 Woodruff, Spring ‘07

2. Goal Motivation What motivates you? Where do you see yourself in 5 years?

3. Q. What is motivation? A. Motivation is aninternal state that activates and gives direction to our thoughts.

4. What is Motivation? • Motivation • physiological and psychological factors that cause us to act in a specific way at a particular time. • the “why” in psychology • Energized to do an activity • Direct energy toward a goal • Have differing Intensities of feelings about reaching that goal.

5. Why do most businesses fail within the first year?

6. 1. Fear—Whether it is the fear of success or the fear of failure, fear of stepping out of one’s comfort zone to try something new, or the fear of trial and error.  Fear can freeze a person dead in his or her tracks.2. Failure to plan.3. Lack of funding.4. Procrastination5. Excuses.  Especially making an excuse for any and everything that causes you to stumble.6. Doing busy work.  Keeping busy doing unimportant tasks.7. Inability to delegate tasks.  Sometimes delegation saves your business.  If you have a weakness, hire someone who could turn that weakness into a strength.  Use others to complete simple time consuming tasks so that you can do other things.8. Failure to Research.9. Failure to Market.10. An inconsistent advertising campaign.  It is better to have a ton of small ads on a regular basis than one large ad on a monthly or yearly basis.11. Your pricing is too low, thus resulting in a negative cash flow.12. Bad accounting practices.

7. 13. Choosing quantity over quality.  Cutting corners is bad business sense.14. Dishonesty.15. Not fixing mistakes.16. Not completing tasks in a timely manner.17. Inability to follow-up.  You should always follow-up by email, snail mail, or phone.18. Not listening to client or customer.  Talking too much.19. Spending too little.  It takes money to make money.20. Spending too much.  Purchasing items when you don’t need them, upgrading when the older version will do, letting suppliers talk you into things you cannot afford, and not budgeting.21. Being unprepared for fluctuations in business.  Boom times when demands are high as well as slow times when you are struggling to get by. (Put money away during boom times to prepare for slow times.)22. Lack of diversification.  If you only offer one product or service, losing it can destroy your business.23. Reputation.  While a good reputation will gain you tons of business, a bad reputation could close your business.24. Cockiness.  There is nothing wrong with feeling great about your products, services, or accomplishments.  Just don’t let pride and arrogance destroy your customer relations.25. Discouragement.  Giving in to your feelings of discouragement, when things do not work out the way you planned or succeed as fast as you thought.  Also allowing others to feed on any discouragement you may already feel.

8. Drive theories • Instinct theories- late 1800’s theory proposing that people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming. (i.e. migration, mating rituals) Is there a jogging instinct? • Instinct theories were replaced by Drive theories. • This theory asserted that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs. • Needs that “push” or “drive” us to behave in certain ways that will lead to a reduction in the drive. • When a behavior reduces a drive, we are more likely to repeat it when the same need arises in the future.

9. Instinct Theory Instincts- innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior. Fixed action pattern- innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition.

10. Primary Motives Biological Needs Human Motives for things that are necessary for survival, such as food, water, and warmth. Homeostasis- Biological Thermostats Homeostatic mechanisms Internal body mechanisms that sense biological imbalances and stimulate action to restore proper balance.

11. Motivation Internal Sources External Sources Biological Needs Incentives Drive Social Motives

12. Motivation Internal Sources External Sources Biological Needs: Incentives: Any external motivating stimulus, such as A state of physical deprivation that causes an imbalance within the body (e.g., body temperature, blood sugar, water content).

13. Motivation Internal Sources External Sources Drive: Incentives: Any external motivating stimulus, such as A state of arousal or tension that is produced by a biological need.

14. Motivation Internal Sources External Sources Social Motive: Incentives: Any external motivating stimulus, such as A type of motivation acquired through experience and interaction with other people; becomes part of your personality.

15. Theories of Motivation • Biological theories • instincts • releasing stimuli • sociobiology - the study of the genetic and evolutionary basis of social behavior • drive - internal motivational state created by a physiological need • homeostasis - tendency of the body to maintain an optimum balanced range of physiological processes

16. Psychological motives • Motives related to the individual’s happiness and well-being, but not to survival. • Novel stimulation- new or changed exp. Like humans, animals are motivated to seek out stimulation and explore novel environments.

17. Theories of Motivation…cont. • drive-reduction model -motivated behavior is directed toward the reduction of a physiological need. • optimum-level theory - the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from one individual to another. Why bungee jump, skydive, shark surf? • To increase optimal levels…

18. Cognitive Theories • Incentive theory • theory that views behavior as motivated by the goal that the organism seeks to attain • Incentives- environmental factors, such as external stimuli, reinforces, or rewards, that motivate our behavior.

19. Yerkes- Dodson law • A law stating that effective performance is likely if the level of arousal is suitable for the activity.

20. Achievement and Affiliation • Achievement • manipulation of the environment according to established rules to attain a desired goal • Affiliation • the need to be with others and have personal relationships to avoid being alone

21. Gang violence • Why do gangs exist?

22. Stanley Schacheter 1959 • Half subjects told they were to be painfully shocked. • Half told they would receive mild shocks. • Both groups given choice of waiting together or separately. • 2/3 of subjects of high shock grp waited together. • Only 1/3 of low shock grp waited together.

23. Achievement Motivation • The psychological need in humans for success. • Mastery goals – Are intrinsically motivated to learn new information, enjoy challenging courses, and disappointed by easy courses. • Performance-approach goals-motivated to work hard to get better grades than others, to gain respect. • Performance-avoidance-motivated to work hard to avoid getting bad grades and looking unintelligent to others.

24. Fear of success- The fear of the consequences of success, particularly the envy of others. • Opponent-process theory of motivation- Theory of the learning of new motives based on changes over time in contrasting feelings. For example: • Every state of positive feeling is followed by a contrasting negative feeling and vice-versa. (Happiness then depression) • Any feeling experienced many times over in succession loses some of its intensity. (Being let down over and over again) Why do we stay in relationships we do not enjoy? Why use drugs, or parachute jump, or stay in a drama filled negative relationship?

25. When Extrinsic rewards go bad or good Should extrinsic rewards should be supplied by parents, teachers, and employers in an effort to increase motivation? Should police officers and firemen be given rewards for more prisoners apprehended, or more fires extinguished in record time? When young children who like to draw pictures in school were given gold certificates for good drawing, they drew less often than those who had not received rewards.

26. Human motives stem from the Need for things that keep us alive: • Food • Water

27. Specific Motives • Hunger • Sex • Achievement • Affiliation Intrinsic motivation- Human motives stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity the pleasure in new accomplishments or its natural consequences. (internal personal joy) Extrinsic motivation- Human motives activated by external rewards.

28. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

29. Hunger Specific Hungers Psychological Factors in Hunger Emotions- depressed eaters Incentives- clear your plate, greed

30. Hunger • Glucostatic theory • when glucose levels drop, we feel hungry • Lipostatic theory • person’s long-term normal weight varies around a set-point; when the weight drops below a the set-point, we feel hungry

31. Glucostatic Theory

32. Hunger : Regulation of Food Intake Hypothalamus- part of the forebrain involved with motives, emotions, and the functions of the autonomic nervous system. • Hyperphagia- excessive overeating that results from damage of the satiety center of the hypothalamus. • Paraventricular nucleus- motive of hunger by regulating the level of blood sugar. • Insulin- reduces amount of sugar in the bloodstream. • Glucagon- causes liver to release sugar into bloodstream. Lateral hypothalamus- involved in feeling hungry and starting to eat (the feeding center). Ventromedial hypothalamus- portion of the hypothalamus involved in inhibiting eating when sufficient food has been consumed (satiety center).

34. Hunger Specific Hungers Psychological Factors in Hunger Emotions- depressed eaters Incentives- clear your plate, greed

35. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Hunger Drive Two areas of the hypothalamus, the lateral and ventro-medial areas, play a central role in the hunger drive

36. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Lateral Area However, chemical lesions to specific cell bodies reduce hunger drive as well as general arousal

37. Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Ventromedial Area Lesions alter digestive and metabolic processes Food is converted into fat rather than energy molecules, causing animal to eat much more than normal and gain weight

38. Hunger Drive Other stimuli that act on the brain to increase or decrease hunger include • satiety signals from the stomach (CCK) • signals indicating the amount of food molecules in the blood (insulin) • leptin, a hormone indicating the amount of fat in the body • internals vs. externals

39. Research on Weight Regulation and Dieting No consistent personality trait differences found between obese and non-obese people (e.g., willpower, anxiety) Dieters and obese are more likely to eat in response to stress than non-dieters Family environment of little importance in determining body weight; genetics plays a large role Number of fat-storage cells is a major determinant of body weight

40. Appetite stimulated by (+) Ghrelin, NPY, but suppressed by increased levels of (-) CCK, Insulin, & Leptin.

41. Fat cells Normal diet High-fat diet Return to normal diet Research on Weight Regulation and Dieting Fat cells are determined by genetics and food intake They increase with weight gain, but merely shrink with weight loss; may stimulate hunger Weight loss causes a decline in basal metabolism

42. Effects of Culture and Habits on Body Weight Baseline body weight—cluster of genetic and environmental factors that cause a person’s weight to settle within a given range Weight can be affected by factors like diet, exercise, and daily habits (e.g., stairs instead of elevator)

43. Basal Metabolic Rate • The rate at which the body uses energy for vital functions while at rest • Factors that influence BMR • Age • Sex • Size • Genetics • Food intake

45. Excess Weight and Obesity Obesity—condition characterized by excessive body fat and a BMI equal to or greater than 30.0 Overweight—condition characterized by BMI between 25.0 and 29.9

46. Factors Contributing to Being Overweight Highly palatable food—we eat because it tastes so good SuperSize It—food portions are larger than necessary or health Cafeteria Diet Effect—more food and more variety leads us to eat more Snacking—does not cause us to eat less at dinner BMR—changes through the lifespan Sedentary lifestyles

47. Factors in Obesity Genetic susceptibility—some people are more likely to be predisposed to obesity Leptin resistance—condition where higher-than-normal levels of leptin do not produce desired physiological response Weight cycling—repeated dieting, weight loss and weight gain tends to result in higher weight and reduced BMR.

48. Normal mouse vs. ob mouse

49. Because of a genetic mutation, ob/ob mice are unable to produce Leptin. • These mice display the eating behavior of “starving” animals. • They have 5 times as much body fat then normal mice. When treated with Leptin, the mice lose weight and eating normally. But this has not worked for obese people. “Of mice not of men?”

50. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa—characterized by excessive weight loss, irrational fear of gaining weight and distorted body image Bulimia nervosa—characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced purging such as vomiting, laxatives Binge-eating—disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating without purging.