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Order From Chaos: The Greek Temple and the Classical Orders

Order From Chaos: The Greek Temple and the Classical Orders. I. Greek prehistory: the Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea, 1700-1400 B.C. (Kostof, ch. 5). I. A. 1 . Where were cities situated?. Bronze-Age Mycenae, Greece, c. 1400 BC.

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Order From Chaos: The Greek Temple and the Classical Orders

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  1. Order From Chaos: The Greek Temple and the Classical Orders

  2. I. Greek prehistory: the Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea, 1700-1400 B.C. (Kostof, ch. 5)

  3. I. A. 1. Where were cities situated? Bronze-Age Mycenae, Greece, c. 1400 BC

  4. I. A. 2. What were the priorities in architecture: the case of the megaron? The megaron of the Mycenaean palace at Pylos, Greece, c. 1400 BC

  5. I. A. 2. a. What forms did tombs take? A tholos tomb at Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1400-1300 BC

  6. II. The Archaic period (800-480 bc): the cultural turn in Greece and the invention of the Greek temple, 9th-7th centuries bc

  7. II. Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period

  8. II. A. Historical context: Emergence of the Greek polis (city-state); the Greek gods; science and philosophy; formation of Greek cultural identity through religion The Greek polis (city-state): governed by citizen councils Human-centered: Gods imagined as humans in ideal form Faith in human reason: Socrates (470-399 B.C.)

  9. II. A. The Greek temple at Segesta, Italy, 430-420 BC

  10. II. B. Greek temple basics Temple of Hera I at Samos, Greece, 8th cen. B.C. phase 1 phase 2

  11. II. B.

  12. II. B. 1. Where was the altar? II. B. 2. What was in the cella (Greek naos)? II. B. 3. What were the building materials of the early Archaic temples? Temple of Hera I, phase 1 late 9th or early 8th cen. B.C. late 9th or early 8th cen. B.C.

  13. II. B. 4. What was the setting like? Temple of Hera II at Samos, mid 7thcen. B.C. stoa (portico) and west corner of Hera II

  14. II. C. Precedents for the archaic Greek temple 1. Bronze-Age megarons The megaron of Mycenaean palace Pylos, c. 1400 B.C. Temple of Hera I, phase 1 Samos, late 9th/early 8th cen. B.C.

  15. II. C. 2. 8th-century Greek shrine, clay model from Argos, Greece 8th-cen. B.C. Greek shrine Temple of Hera I, phase 1 late 9th or early 8th cen. B.C.

  16. II. D. Architectural form: What is significant about the addition of the peristyle? 1. How does the addition of the peristyle reflect the polis-centered culture of Greek peoples? Temple of Hera Iat Samos, phase 1 Temple of Hera I at Samos, phase 2 mid 8th cen. late 9th / early 8th cen.

  17. II. D. 1. Temples of Hera II, III, and IV, superimposed Temple of Hera I at Samos, phase 2 mid 8th cen. ca. 650-522 bc

  18. II. D. 2. What are the initial signs of a classical order? Wood: Hera II at Samos, mid 7thcen. B.C. Doric order (half in wood, half in stone)

  19. II. F. What was the predominant architectural theory in pre-Classical times? Temple of Hera I at Samos, phase 2 Evidence from an excerpt of “To Apollon,” a Homeric hymn of the 8th century B.C.: “Apollo laid out the foundations, broad and very long from the beginning to end; and on them the sons of Erginos, Trophonios and Agamedes [architects], dear to the immortal gods, placed a threshold of stone. And the numberless races of men built the temple all around with hewn stone . . . ” (from assigned reading in Gelernter, p. 41). mid 8th cen. B.C.

  20. III. The first stone temples and the invention of the orders in the Archaic period, 6th-5th century B.C. Doric Temple of Hera I at Paestum Doric Temple of Hera at Olympia Ionic Temple of Hera at Samos Doric Temple of Artemis at Corfu

  21. III. Temple of Hera I at Paestum, Italy, 6th cen. BC (c. 530 BC), Archaic Temple of Hera II at Paestum, Italy, 5th cen. BC (c. 460), Early Classical

  22. III. Greek temple as mid-space object Greek temple at Segesta, Italy Three temples at Paestum, 6th- 5th cen. bc Temple of Demeter at Paestum, 5thcen. bc

  23. III. Greek colony of Paestum in Italy (Western Greece) Hera I Hera I

  24. III. “Proto-Doric” columns at Hatshepsut’s Temple, c. 1500 B.C. Greek Doric Order at the Temple of Hera I in Paestum

  25. III. A. What are new parts are added to the plan of a Doric temple? Temple of Hera Iat Paestum (Archaic), 530 B.C. generic Greek temple plan

  26. III. A. Temple at Hera I at Paestum

  27. III. A. Temple of Concordia, Agrigento, Italy Temple at Hera I at Paestum

  28. III. B. The Classical Orders: 1. What are the essential components of a Classical order? Doric Order of the Temple of Hera I at Paestum Doric Order of the Temple of Hera II at Paestum less well preserved better preserved

  29. III. B. 2. What parts may correspond to the primitive wood version of the Doric order? Doric order (half in wood, half in stone) Doric Order of the Temple of Hera II at Paestum guttae triglyph

  30. III. C. 3. Greek empathy: human experience counts a. How can we explain entasis in the Doric column? entasis Temple of Hera I at Paestum

  31. IV. The Early Classical period (480-450 bc): shift in temple design that went with the new-found power to create and preserve the conditions in which man lived Temple of Hera II at Paestum Temple of Zeus at Olympia Temple E at Selinus

  32. IV. A. Political context: To what event can we ascribe greater self-confidence but also greater uneasiness among Greeks on the mainland in the early Classical period?

  33. III. Temple of Hera II at Paestum, Italy, 5th cen. BC (c. 460), Early Classical Temple of Hera iat Paestum, Italy, 6th cen. BC, Archaic

  34. IV. A. 1. Why did the Early Classical style invented by Greeks on the mainland reject excessive ornament and gigantism in temples? Doric Temple of Hera II at Paestum (460 bc) Ionic Temple of Hera IV at Samos (538-22 bc)

  35. IV. A. 1. Great Archaic Ionic temples Temple of Hera IV at Samos 538-22 bc Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, Turkey (formerly Ionia), 560-550 bc

  36. IV. A. 1. Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, Turkey (formerly Ionia), 560-550 B.C.

  37. IV. B. Design changes in the Early Classical temple  1. What has changed in the plan of the Early Classical temple? Hera I at Paestum (Archaic), 530 bc Hera II at Paestum (Early Classical), 460 bc

  38. IV. B. 2. What is the secret of the new compactness and simplicity (severity) of the Early Classical temples compared to Archaic temples? Temples of Hera I (left, Archaic) and II (right, Early Classical) at Paestum

  39. IV. B. 2. symmetria = commensurability of parts Temple of Hera Iat Paestum (Archaic) Temple of Hera II at Paestum (Early Classical)

  40. III. C. Theory: What was the predominant architectural theory in the Archaic period? 1. How is the trust in numbers and proportion part of the Greek cultural turn? Pythagorus of Samos (580-500 bc) Temples built by the numbers Gods imagined as humans in ideal proportions

  41. III. C. 2. In what way are numerical harmonies (proportionality) actually spiritual, and therefore an appropriate part of sacred architecture? Temple of Hera II at Paestum (Early Classical)

  42. For Monday: J.J. Pollitt, Art and Experience in Classical Greece, ch. 3, On E-Reserve. The Classical moment: the Parthenon in Athens

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