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BJU Ch. 3 GREEK Civilization. PPT used by permission of Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Edited by Patti Summers, Conway Christian School 2012. The Geography of Greece. Greek Civilization Periods. Pre-Greek – Aegean or Archaic Greek – Hellenic
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BJU Ch. 3 GREEK Civilization PPT used by permission of Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Edited by Patti Summers, Conway Christian School 2012
Greek Civilization Periods • Pre-Greek – Aegean or Archaic • Greek – Hellenic • Post-Greek – Hellenistic (from Death of Alexander to the Rise of Rome) • From Greek “Hellas” which is what Greeks still call their own country.
3.1 The Early Greek World
Crete: Minoan CivilizationPalace at Knossos (the ‘k’ is silent) Flush toilets, running water, bathtubs!
Knossos: Minoan Civilization Flourished 2000 BC Named for King Minos
The Mycenaean Civilization Mycenaeans Traded with Egypt and the Fertile Crescent Rt: The Lion Gate, entrance To the fortified citadel of Mycenae
Mycenaeans • Mainland • Learned art, building, culture from Minoans • Might have destroyed Knossos • Military expertise, fortified cities • Expanded through sea raids, piracy, colonization • Rival: Troy on the Hellespont • Finally conquered by the Dorians from the north
Trojan War p. 56 • Mycenaeans went to war against Troy • 10 years • Mycenaeans won using Trojan Horse • Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the war • “Beware of Greeks bearing gifts!”
The Mask of Agamemnon ??? (Not, but it’s still a good find!) Golden mask discovered by Schliemann with nine cities of Troy in layers!
Homeric Age: The “Heroic Age” Greek Dark Age • Iliad & Odyssey give us our knowledge of this period in Greek history • Heroic stories of dignity, strength, valor, bravery, generosity and wisdom
Greek Dark Ages1150 – 750 BC • Greeks neglected the palace fortresses • Little contact with outside civilizations • Move from cities to small villages • This period blends many elements into a common Greek culture
Greek Mythology p. 57-58 • 12 chief gods/goddesses • Lived on Mt. Olympus • Zeus – king of the gods, lightening bolts • Apollo – sun, music, medicine • Athena – wisdom (patron of Athens) • Poseidon – sea, earthquakes • Anthropomorphic (human characteristics) • Prayer/sacrifices offered to them • Olympics honored Zeus • Olympiad – the four-year period between each Olympic games
BJU 3.2 Greek City-States
Role of City States p. 59 • Greek mountains isolated the various city states • Usually built at the foot of a hill • Fortress built on top = “acropolis” • Polis = “city – state” was basic unit of government • Unit of authority, protection for the Greek was his city
Government p. 59 • Monarchy: rule by one. Homeric age. • Oligarchy: rule by few. Council of nobles or popular assembly. Tension between nobles and lower classes. • Tyranny: gained control by force. Not necessarily corrupt, sometimes a reformer. • Democracy: rule by the people. Each adult male citizen could share in ruling his city state. • Athens and Sparta eventually became opposing strong city states with differing philosophies of rule.
Sparta • City-state located on the Peloponnesus • Dorians conquered it and made the people slaves, or Helots • Made other conquests slaves as well • Slaves outnumbered free men • Militaristic ways because of fear of slave revolt • Warrior training • Unhealthy babies left to die • Boys raised in barracks after age 7 • Learned to endure beatings, to steal • Soldiers at 20, citizens at 30
Sparta, cont. • Women told their husbands, “Return with your shield or on it.” • Oligarchy government • Peloponnesian League organized by Sparta to counter the democratic principles of the Athenian city-state.
SPARTA Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.
Athens p. 61 • Had king during Homeric Age • Later oligarchy of chief nobles, with chief archon elected from their midst • Common people began to resent the nobles
Early Athenian Lawgivers • Solon – reformer whose changes helped common man p. 61 • Forbade making debtors slaves • Council of 400 gave representation to all sections of Athens • After his death, tyrants seized power for the lower classes… • True democracy came later with Pericles, 5th century BC
Persian Wars: Famous Battles • Marathon (490 BCE) • 26 miles from Athens • Thermopylae (480 BCE) • 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass • Salamis (480 BCE) • Athenian navy victorious
3.3 The Fateful Century • Persian Wars – Battle of Marathon • Persia conquered Greek colonies in Asia Minor • Greeks rebelled and Darius I attacked them at Marathon • Athenians were victorious • The distance for the Olympic “marathon” comes from this event in history, the distance run by a messenger to tell the king that the Greeks had won the battle.
Battle of Thermopylae • Darius I never forgot his humiliation at Marathon, and planned to retaliate • After his death, Xerxes, his son, attacked with an enormous army • Greeks defended at the mountain pass at Thermopylae • 7000 Greeks • Probably 200,000 Persians • Greeks were betrayed by one of their own • Story of the “300” - Video to come…
Battle of Salamis • After Thermopylae, the Persians marched on to burn Athens to the ground • Greek leader Themistocles outwitted the Persians into entering the Strait of Salamis, where Larger Persian ships were outmaneuvered by Greek smaller ships – see “Greek Warships” video • First great naval battle in history!
Persian Wars: Famous Battles • Marathon (490 BCE) • 26 miles from Athens • Thermopylae (480 BCE) • 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass • Salamis (480 BCE) • Athenian navy victorious
Periclean Age p. 64 • After defeating the Persians at Salamis, other city states looked to Athens for protection • Delian League was defensive alliance for Athens • Pericles led Athens 30 years • Called Athens “the school of Greece” • All adult males could vote, share in govt. equally • Many contributions to culture and thought under Pericles
Peloponnesian Wars p.65 • Both Athens and Sparta had fought together against Persia • Later, however, Sparta was jealous of Athens’ power and influence • Delian League was now an empire for Athens • Sparta: strong land army • Athens: best navy • Plague killed may Athenians early in the war • Sparta eventually defeated/destroyed Athens’ fleet • Sparta wins the war! • Sparta is a hard taskmaster and many Greeks are unhappy under her rule…
BJU 3.4 "Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE
Macedonia Unites Greece p. 65 • Philip II conquers Greece • Admired Greek culture, art, literature • Treated them well • Wanted the conquered Greeks to help him invade Persia and get revenge • Died before he could do it • Son, Alexander, became King at 20 • Alexander was tutored by Aristotle
