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Fundamentals of Proteins and Amino Acids

Explore the world of proteins, amino acids, and peptides, their structures, functions, and properties. Learn about amino acid classification, peptide bond formation, and the significance of proteins in living systems.

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Fundamentals of Proteins and Amino Acids

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  1. Proteins Amino acids and peptides, Lec. Dr. Muthana A. Al-Shemeri

  2. Video

  3. myoglobin pdb code: 1WLA Bacteriorhodopsin pdb code: 1AP9 Anti-parallel -sheets of lectin pdb code: 2LAL Parallel -sheets carbonic anhydrase pdb code: 1QRM

  4. Properties of Amino Acids • Capacity to polymerize • Novel acid-base properties • Varied structure and chemical functionality • Chirality

  5. The name protein is giving to compounds containing more than 100 amino acids. An amino acid part in a polypeptide or protein is called residue. • D-amino acids are not found in proteins but found in nature. • Crystalline amino acids are colorless, odorless, and melt with decomposition at temperature more than 200 °C. • The physical properties of amino acids are resemble those of inorganic salt such as sodium chloride

  6. Functions of proteins • Enzymes : biological catalysis that are vital to all living systems. They are simple or conjugated proteins. • Structural proteins: proteins that hold living systems together such as collagen. • Hormones: proteins that act as messengers such as insulin. • Transport proteins: proteins that carry molecules and ions from one place to another in the living system such as hemoglobin carry oxygen from lung to cells. • Protective proteins: proteins that destroy any foreign substance released into the living system by an infections agent. • Toxin: proteins that are poisons such as snake venom.

  7. carboxyl group amino group a-carbon side chain Basic Amino Acid Structure • a-carbon is chiral (except for glycine) • at pH 7.0 uncharged amino acids zwitterion. • amino acids have a tetrahedral structure

  8. Proteins are make about two third of dry weight of cell • Major compounds of muscle, skin, and bones • The molecular weight varied from several thousand to several millions • Treated with a boiled acids or bases solution hydrolyzed the smaller compounds. • Twenty amino acids are obtain from hydrolysis of all living systems.

  9. Amino Acid Enantiomers • Steroisomers / enantiomers • Biological system only synthesize and use L-amino-acids

  10. Amino Acid Classification • Aliphatic • Aromatic • Sulfur containing • Polar/uncharged • basic/acidic Hydrophobic Hydrophillic

  11. Peptide bond formation

  12. Reaction of amino acids • The thiol side chain is oxidized by the oxygen in air or oxidizing agent to form two cysteine molecules.

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