Module 2 – CTP Fundamentals

1. Module 2 – CTP Fundamentals

2. Module 2 content What is cash transfer programming? - concepts and terminology Trends in cash transfer programming Types of Cash Programs

3. Why use cash or vouchers?

4. From Proof of Concept to Use at Increasing Scale Shift from ‘proof of concept’ to acceptance of cash and vouchers as standard humanitarian approaches. Increased provision of cash transfers at scale in appropriate settings Syria crisis Typhoon Haiyan Nepal Donor policy and funding shift towards cash (Top donors – US and the EU) • Cash Atlas 2014: 232 projects (50 multi sectoral)6'681'696 beneficiaries • USD 2'652'452'195 However, total value of CTP 2009 – 2013: still only 6% of total international humanitarian assistance.

5. CTP with refugees/PoC – Summary of trends Increasing interest in using CTP CTP is being piloted and used in large-scale and protracted displacement settings (UNHCR and WFP) Where? Used more in in returns and urban contexts rather than camp settings, but increasing use in camps What? food vouchers, shelter grants, seasonal grants, entrepreneurship grants and returnee assistance; Multipurpose Grants ?

6. CASH-BASED INTERVENTION / CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMME PAPER VOUCHER COMMODITY VOUCHER CASH TRANSFER VOUCHER DIRECT CASH E-VOUCHER VALUE VOUCHER E-CASH UNCONDITIONAL PRE-REQUISITE/ QUALIFYING CASH FOR WORK / TRAINING/ ASSETS CONDITIONAL UNRESTRICTED UTILIZATION RESTRICTED MINIMUM EXPENDITURE BASKET (MEB) / SURVIVAL MINIMUM EXPENDITURE BASKET (SMEB) OBJECTIVE(S) & PROCESS MULTIPURPOSE MULTISECTOR SECTOR SPECIFIC

7. CASH GRANTS • Cash grantscanbesubject to restrictions or conditions • Conditions • Conditional – recipient must do something (e.g. attend clinic attend school, Cash For Work) in order to be eligible to receive the cash • Unconditional – No requirement to do anything in order to qualify • Restrictions • Unrestricted – no restriction on what the money may be spent on. Beneficiary is free to spend money on whatever they choose. • Restricted – Intended exclusively for the purchase of certain commodities (or groups of commodities) • Unrestricted grants are used when project objective and beneficiary priorities match (agencies have flexible cross-sectoral mandates)

8. Why conditionality or restrictions? To support the objective of the programme or support dual objectives (e.g. cash for work for income support and infrastructure rehabilitation). To ensure accountability to donors. An important way to understand people’s priority needs or the conditions/restrictions will not be effective .

9. Delivery (or payment) mechanisms Mobile money Financial service providers Retailers (electronic and paper vouchers) Direct cash distribution

10. Video: Multipurpose cash grants http://www.cashlearning.org/resources/video-library/multipurpose-cash-grants

11. LEBANON MPG (8.37) • http://www.cashlearning.org/resources/video-library/irc-lebanon-case-study

13. Module 3 – Assessments

14. Module 3 Content Assessment and vulnerability targeting Assessing the feasibility of using cash Tools for market analysis Financial service providers Institutional capacity Mainstreaming protection

15. WHEN TO USE CTP? KEY QUESTIONS: Supply Prices Needs Markets Delivery mechanism Time Security Skills & Capacity Social / political context Gender /Protection Issues

16. Preconditions for cash transfers So… CTP not always appropriate! Context may call for cash, in-kind or both. Analysis of response options is key.

17. Needs assessment Understanding needs of the target population – what do you need to know to design a programme? The type and quantity of commodities / services needed at a household level. The length of time this support will be needed (either one off or over a period of time). The scale of the needs. Feinstein Centre

18. Needs assessments challenges for PoC/refugees • Vulnerability relative to the host community • Access to services • Physical and community access to PoC in non-camp settings particularly those most vulnerable • Urban settings: Transientnature of displacement • Camp settings: market access challenges; limited livelihoods opportunities • Emergency situations – documentation, access

19. PROTECTION TIPS: Needs Assessment • Gather pre-existing and new situational protection information on sources of threats. • Flag economic/livelihoods-related causes of protection risks. • Use an age, gender and diversity lens.

20. Vulnerability and targeting for CTP Who are the transfer recipients? How are they to be targeted?

21. TARGETING CONSIDERATIONS • Approaches • Blanket targeting • Geographical targeting • Community based targeting (CBT) • Selection Criteria • Vulnerability Criteria • Relative Household wealth • Using ‘bio data’ – e.g. UNHCR Pro-Gres database targeting • Sector-based – e.g. house totally destroyed (shelter) • Blended/Hybrid models

22. Regulatory frameworks & targeting for PoC • Lack of status or status as illegal migrants • Lack of legal protection in work, consumer disputes • Land/rent disputes settings increase risks of exploitation IMPLICATIONS FOR TARGETING AND VALUE OF ASSISTANCE DEBATE QUESTION: Can interventions help out where restrictive regulatory frameworks deny legal access to services?

23. LESSONS LEARNED: Targeting for PoC/refugees Vulnerability assessment methodology and questionnaires Vulnerability scoring index Protection implications Lessons learned on Vulnerability, Targeting, and Protection from the Danish Refugee Council’s E-Voucher Intervention in Southern Turkey– https://fic.wistia.com/medias/xgpbg2clwb?embedType=async&videoWidth=600 Review of Targeting of Cash and Food Assistance for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt: http://www.cashlearning.org/downloads/erc-targeting-cash-and-food-assistance-web.pdf

24. PROTECTION TIPS: Vulnerability Analysis and Targeting • Discuss differences/overlaps between specific needs, protection risks and economic vulnerability. • Examine vulnerability (physical, social, economic and environmental). • Engage communities throughout the targeting process.

25. PROTECTION TIPS (2): Vulnerability Analysis and Targeting • Analyze which aspects can be addressed through CBI. • Identify and assess people with specific needs or protection risks, and refer them to other assistance if CBI is not relevant for them.

26. Gap Analysis Estimate of gaps facing target population: • Goods/ Services and Quantities: What and how much is needed? Exclude HH capacity and available assistance (other assistance) • Duration and seasonality: How long gap might last and will needs change over seasons (winter) • Quality and preferences: Are there any quality requirements that need adhering to? Do target HH have preferences/ acceptable substitutes? • Are needs identified available in the market? • Will households purchase what they need? Consult any relevant standards and norms (e.g. Sphere standards)

27. MARKET ASSESSMENTS Keyquestions Are markets / services operating and accessible to affected/ target populations (e.g. refugees)? Are essential goods and services available in sufficient quantities and quality, and at reasonable prices? Are traders / service providers willing and able to respond to increase demand in a timely manner? Remember : Barriers to accessing markets can be physical, financial, social, cultural or related to communications / knowledge In-kind also impacts markets (so markets shouldn’t be assessed only to determine CTP but to contribute to situation analysis)

28. Multiple needs…

29. Critical Markets In an emergency situation or in preparedness of a crisis, ‘critical’ market systems are those that played, play or could play a major role in ensuring survival and/or protecting livelihoods of the target population. (EMMA and PCMMA Toolkits) Categories of critical market systems: • For ensuring survival: supply market systems. • For protecting and promoting livelihoods: supply and income market systems.

30. Critical markets for various needs For ensuring survival For protecting and promoting livelihoods (Supply) Market systems that provide food, essential household items, or services to meet urgent survival needs. (Supply) Market systems that provide essential tools, replace assets, provide agricultural inputs, or deliver vital services. (Income) Market systems that provide jobs, create demand for wage labour or provide buyers for target groups’ own produce. Examples: staple food items, clothing and blankets, shelter materials, essential household items, soap, buckets, bedding, tents, fuel or firewood… Examples: Agricultural tools, fertilizer, fodder, seeds, pumps, veterinary services, credit services, fishing nets, boats, transport services… Examples: Cash crops, livestock, fish and forest products, agricultural and casual labor, re-construction activities, other employment industries…

31. Market assessments – what do they include? Strengthening Markets Video (Logs cluster): http://www.cashlearning.org/resources/video-library/strengthening-markets-in-crisis

32. Prices Volumes Lead times Seasonality What we measure, why and how… Credit / access to funds Transport Accessibility Storage Number of actors We understand how markets function by collecting information about..... Stocks ....and we can measure this by analysing and understanding market performance: This can lead to better responses, based on the functionality of the market

33. Prices Volumes Lead times Seasonality What we measure, why and how… Credit / access to funds Transport Accessibility Storage Number of actors We understand how markets function by collecting information about..... Stocks • This information is collected using a number of methodologies including: • Questionnaires (open and closed) • Focus Group discussions • Key Informant discussions • Secondary data analysis • Observation • Using tools such as Market Mapping • ….

34. Deciding on the depth of analysis

35. Market place: Market System Analysis

36. MARKET ASSESSMENT TOOLS CaLP/IRC ‘Comparative table of market analysis tools’: http://www.cashlearning.org/downloads/comparative-table-of-market-analysis-tools-final.pdf

37. Choosing the right tool: Oxfam Compass Designed to help practitioners decide which market analysis toolkit, tool and approach may be of most use in a given context. • Encourages practitioners to look beyond traditional response modalities and investigate potential market support interventions.   • Includes guidance on which market analysis tools to use at different phases: Preparedness; Emergency Response; Recovery; Development . http://prezi.com/vg0_glhptmi5/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share

38. Minimum Requirements for Market Analysis in Emergencies (MRs) Provides checklists, tips and guidance on what to collect in a market assessment, irrespective of which tool is being used Not an assessment or analytical tool, but can be used in conjunction with tools. Focuses on four thematic areas: scope of assessment analysis data collection monitoring and ensuring data validity

39. Labour market analysis • Specific barriers and constraints • Should analyse: • Previous engagement in markets prior to the crisis • Income generation through enterprise opportunities • Existing skills and activities • Potential displacement of local labour Labour Market Analysis in Humanitarian Contexts: A Practitioner’s Guide: http://www.cashlearning.org/downloads/lma-guidance---january-2016.pdf

40. PROTECTION TIPS: Market Analysis • Consider safe and equitable access to markets. • Consider protection-related market systems for goods and services. • Consider social relations.

41. Delivery mechanisms and instruments • Paper Voucher, Smart Cards, Scratch cards, • Mobile phones etc. • Cash, Money Order, etc. • Bank cards, Mobile phones, Sim cards etc. • Mobile Phones, • Sim cards, Using mobile phones Using Banks Using traders Direct Cash

42. Selecting a cash transfer delivery mechanism • ACTIVITY: Selecting a cash transfer delivery mechanism (ELAN case study) Based on the case study you have been provided: You are assigned to manage one of the programs listed below and must decide which type of response and payment mechanism (for cash-based programs) is best suited for the program. Your agency favors market-based responses whenever possible. Report to the group with the following: - Which payment mechanism you selected and why - Two or three key questions will require follow-up assessments

43. Protecting beneficiary privacy • Challenges: • There are a multiplicity of actors. • There is an increasing volume of (sensitive) data with no guidelines for collection process. • There is a lack of communication with beneficiaries. • Constraints: • Reactivity • International / national legal frameworks • Cost-effectiveness • News ! Online Training Now available on • CaLP Website (cashlearning.org) and at : https://disasterready.csod.com/LMS/LoDetails/DetailsLo.aspx?loid=b563b67d-719c-4194-b673-81c48f9ce59a#t=1

44. Protecting beneficiary privacy • Definition of 8 operational principles • Principles for the secure use of personal data in cash and e-transfer programmes: • Respect privacy • Protect by design • Understand data flow and risks • Quality and accuracy • Obtain consent or inform beneficiaries as to the use of their data • Security • Disposal • Accountability

45. PROTECTION TIPS: Delivery Mechanism Selection • Consider safety, freedom of movement and preferences. • Ensure service provider selection reflects protection risk and benefit analysis as well as cost and capacity. • Include data protection and confidentiality in service agreements/SOPs.

46. Institutional Capacity assessment

47. Purpose of the OCAT • Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool (OCAT) is intended for organisations to self-assess their capacity to deliver or scale-up CTP effectively • Can be used to identify capacity gaps & needs in key functional areas, and to measure progress • Not intended as performance evaluation or comparison of un-related organizations • Designed for organizations of any type or size – can adapt definitions to the specific context • Multi-country or multi-member organizations can agreedefinitions & targets to use

48. OCAT Categories Assessment covers six ‘Categories’ of organizational capacity: • Governance/Leadership • Organizational Management • Human Resources Capacity • Financial Management Capacity • Program/Project Management • External Relations

49. OCAT Format & Content Worksheets are for scoring & graphing results… … and for recording recommendations to address gaps

50. Module 4 – Response Analysis