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1. First Age of Empires, 1570 B.C.–200 B.C. The first large empires develop in Africa and Asia between 1570 B.C. and 200 B.C. NEXT

2. The Egyptians and Nubian Empires SECTION 1 SECTION 2 The Assyrian Empires The Persian Empire SECTION 3 The Unification of China SECTION 4 First Age of Empires, 1570 B.C.–200 B.C. NEXT

3. Section 1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forge commercial, cultural, and political connections. NEXT

4. The new pharaoh established their capital at the strategic site of Memphis, just south of the delta, and over the next several centuries consolidated their rule. Probably no other dynasty in history has been so successful in creating an effective yet apparently timeless form of government. For thousands of years Egyptian pharaohs were able to convey to their subjects a sense of permanence and eternity while constantly adjusting the system to meet new needs. (Nagle, 23)

5. SECTION 1 The Egyptian and Nubian Empires Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt Invaders • About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos, use chariots to conquer Egypt Hebrews Migrate to Egypt • Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C. • Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos in Egypt Expulsion and Slavery • Egyptians drive out the hated Hyksos • Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved NEXT

6. The Hyksos were the source of the new horse-drawn war-chariots introduced to Egypt in the second half of the Hyksos rule. This invention, never seen before in Egypt, was instrumental in the continued power of the Hyksos in this region. The Hyksos utilized superior bronze weapons, chariots, and composite bows to help them take control of Egypt, and by about 1720 BC they had grown strong enough, at the expense of the Middle Kingdom kings, to gain control of Avaris in the north eastern Delta. This site eventually became the capital of the Hyksos kings, yet within 50 years they had also managed to take control of the important Egyptian city of Memphis.

7. Starting in 1567 B.C., the pharaoh Ahmose I eventually managed to defeat and expel the Hyksos from Egypt, reuniting Egypt and establishing the New Kingdom (c. 1567-1085 B.C.). The New Kingdom was characterized by a new militaristic and imperialistic path. A more professional army was developed. Ahmose and his army driving out the Hyksos.

8. SECTION 1 The New Kingdom of Egypt Technological Changes • About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create New Kingdom, a powerful empire • Army uses bronze weapons and chariots to conquer other lands Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule • Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not war Continued . . . NEXT

9. SECTION 1 continued The New Kingdom of Egypt Thutmose the Empire Builder • Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire • Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—region around the upper Nile River • Egypt most powerful and wealthy during reign of New Kingdom pharaohs Continued . . . NEXT

10. Pharaohs Tutankhamun (King Tut) 1334 and 1325 BC Ramesses II 1279-1213 BC

11. SECTION 1 continued The New Kingdom of Egypt The Egyptians and the Hittites • Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in Palestine • Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty An Age of Builders • New Kingdom pharaohs built great palaces, magnificent temples • Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs • Ramses II builds impressive temples with enormous statues of himself NEXT

12. Art and Writing

13. Art and Writing • Pyramids • Symbols of the pharaoh’s authority and divine stature; royal tombs • Pyramid of Khufu involved the precise cutting and fitting of 2,300,000 limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons • Estimated construction of the Khufu pyramid required 84,000 laborers working 80 days per year for 20 years The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. 

14. Art and Writing • Hieroglyphs • Pictures that were used to write the ancient Egyptian language • Originally used to keep records of the king’s possessions. Scribes could easily make these records by drawing a picture of a cow or a boat followed by a number. • As the language became more complex, more pictures were needed. Eventually the language consisted of more than 750 individual signs.

15. SECTION 1 The Empire Declines Invasion by Land and Sea • “Sea Peoples” (possibly Philistines) cause great destruction in Egypt • Libyan raids on villages and Palestine rebellions weaken empire Egypt’s Empire Fades • Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms • From around 950 to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt, erect cities NEXT

16. Invasion of the “Sea Peoples” around 1200 B.C. The days of Egyptian empire were ended, and the New Kingdom expired with the end of the twentieth dynasty in 1085 B.C. For the next thousand years, despite periodic revivals of strength, Egypt was dominated by Libyans, Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians. Egyptian Drawings of Two Different Tribes of Sea People

17. SECTION 1 The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region Egypt and Kush • From 2000 to 1000 B.C., Egypt dominates kingdom of Kush in Nubia The People of Nubia • Live south of Egypt near division of Blue Nile and White Nile • Nile River is a great trade route for goods and ideas • Nubians link Egypt and Mediterranean to African interior through trade Continued . . . NEXT

18. SECTION 1 continued The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia • Egyptian culture influences Nubia and beyond to southern Africa • About 1200 B.C., Nubia gains independence but keeps Egyptian culture Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne • In 751 B.C., Kushite king Piankhi conquers Egypt, ousts Libyans • Assyrians overcome Kushites and take Egypt NEXT

19. SECTION 1 The Golden Age of Meroë Meroë • Kushites settle Meroë; join in trade with Africa, Arabia, India The Wealth of Kush • Meroë becomes important center for iron weapons and tools • Iron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged for luxury goods The Decline of Meroë • Meroë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150, then declines • Aksum, 400 miles southeast, dominates North African trade • Has port on Red Sea, defeats Meroë in A.D. 350 NEXT

20. Section 2 The Assyrian Empire Assyria develops a military machine and establishes a well-organized administration. NEXT

21. SECTION 2 The Assyrian Empire A Mighty Military Machine Assyria • Assyria uses military might to acquire empire across Southwest Asia The Rise of a Warrior People • After invasions in Mesopotamia, Assyrians develop warlike behavior • Assyrian king Sennacherib brutally destroys enemies Military Organization and Conquest • Glorified armies wear metal armor, copper helmets, leather protection • Use iron weapons, engineering skill, and brute force to conquer cities • Kill, enslave, or banish captive peoples to distant lands NEXT

22. SECTION 2 The Empire Expands Kings of Assyria • Defeat Syria, Palestine, Babylonia between 850 and 650 B.C. Assyrian Rule • Creates central authority over local governors of dependent regions • Collects taxes and tribute from conquered lands Assyrian Culture • Rulers build great cities, including capital at Nineveh • Carved sculptures of military campaigns and the lion hunt • King Ashurbanipal builds library of 20,000 tablets; Epic of Gilgamesh NEXT

23. SECTION 2 Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans Early Warnings • Empire spread thin, cruelty earns many enemies, Ashurbanipal dies Decline and Fall • Army of Medes and Chaldeans destroys Nineveh (612 B.C.); library survives Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans • Chaldeans make Babylon capital of own empire • King Nebuchadnezzar builds legendary hanging gardens of Babylon • Builds tall ziggurats; astronomers make discoveries about solar system • Chaldean Empire falls to Persians; they adopt Assyrian inventions NEXT

24. Section 3 The Persian Empire By governing with tolerance and wisdom, the Persians establish a well-ordered empire that lasts for 200 years. NEXT

25. SECTION 3 The Persian Empire The Rise of Persia The Persian Homeland • Persia (ancient Iran) has fertile land and minerals • Medes and Persians rose to power there Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire • Starting in 550 B.C., Persian king Cyrus conquers neighboring lands • Governs with tolerance toward conquered peoples • Honors local customs, including religious ones • Allows Jews to return to Israel to rebuild temple of Jerusalem NEXT

26. SECTION 3 Persian Rule Cambyses and Darius • Cyrus’s son, Cambyses, conquers Egypt but rules unwisely • Darius seizes control, establishes stability; expands empire to India Provinces and Satraps • Darius divides empire into 20 areas of local administration • Appoints satraps—governors—to rule each area • Build Royal Road to make communication within empire easier • Issues coins that can be used throughout the empire NEXT

27. SECTION 3 The Persian Legacy Zoroaster • Persian thinker called Zoroaster develops new religion Zoroaster’s Teachings • Life is a battleground between good and evil • One god will judge us by how well we fight for good • Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Political Order • Through tolerance and good government, Persians bring political order • Preserve earlier cultures, find new ways to live and rule NEXT

28. Section 4 The Unification of China The social disorder of the warring states contributes to the development of three Chinese ethical systems. NEXT

29. SECTION 4 The Unification of China Confucius and the Social Order Zhou Dynasty • Lasted 1027 to 256 B.C.; ancient values decline near end of dynasty Confucius Urges Harmony • End of Zhou Dynasty is time of disorder • Scholar Confucius wants to restore order, harmony, good government • Stresses developing good relationships, including family • Promotes filial piety—respect for parents and ancestors • Hopes to reform society by promoting good government Continued . . . NEXT

30. SECTION 4 continued Confucius and the Social Order Confucian Ideas About Government • Thinks education can transform people • Teachings become foundation for bureaucracy, a trained civil service • Confucianism is an ethical system of right and wrong, not a religion • Chinese government and social order is based on Confucianism NEXT

31. SECTION 4 Other Ethical Systems Daoists Seek Harmony • Laozi teaches that people should follow the natural order of life • Believes that universal force called Dao guides all things • Daoism philosophy is to understand nature and be free of desire • Daoists influence sciences, alchemy, astronomy, medicine Legalists Urge Harsh Rule • Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore order; stifles criticism • Teaches that obedience should be rewarded, disobedience punished Continued . . . NEXT

32. SECTION 4 continued Other Ethical Systems I Ching and Yin and Yang • I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good advice, common sense • Concept of yin and yang—two powers represent rhythm of universe • Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious; yang: warm, bright, hard, clear • I Ching and yin and yang explain how people fit into the world NEXT

33. SECTION 4 The Qin Dynasty Unifies China The Qin Dynasty • Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third century B.C. A New Emperor Takes Control • Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting, conquers new lands • Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin officials • With legalist prime minister, murders Confucian scholars, burns books • Establishes an autocracy, a government with unlimited power Continued . . . NEXT

34. SECTION 4 continued The Qin Dynasty Unifies China A Program of Centralization • Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects; increases trade • Sets standards for writing, law, currency, weights and measures • Harsh rule includes high taxes and repressive government Great Wall of China • Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to keep out invaders The Fall of the Qin • Shi Huangdi’s son loses the throne to rebel leader; Han Dynasty begins NEXT

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