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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Organization and Regulation of Body Systems. Points to Ponder. What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? What are the 4 main types of tissue? What do these tissues look like, how do they function and where are they found? What is the integumentary system?

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems

  2. Points to Ponder • What is a tissue? Organ? Organ system? • What are the 4 main types of tissue? • What do these tissues look like, how do they function and where are they found? • What is the integumentary system? • How can you prevent skin cancer? • What is homeostasis and how is it maintained?

  3. 4.1 Types of tissues What is a tissue? • A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function • There are 4 major tissue types in the body: • Connective • Muscular • Nervous • Epithelial

  4. The four tissues of the Body • Epithelial Tissue: “covering” • Covers exposed surfaces • Lines internal passageways • Forms glands • Connective Tissue: “support” • Fills internal spaces • Provides structure and strength to support other tissues • Transports materials • Stores energy

  5. The four tissues of the Body • Muscle Tissue: “movement” • Specialized for contraction • Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs • Neural Tissue: “control” • Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to another

  6. 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports 1. Connective tissue • Binds and supports parts of the body • All have specialized cells, ground substance and protein fibers • Ground substance is noncellular and ranges from solid to fluid • prevents microbe penetration • The ground substance and proteins fibers together make up the matrix of the tissue • There are three main types of connective tissue: A. fibrous , B. supportive and C. fluid

  7. 1. Connective Tissue Protein Fiber types: 1. Collagen fibers: collagen protein -resists force 2. Reticular fibers: collagen protein -branchy, forms framework -framework of an organ 3. Elastic fibers: elastin protein -wavy, flexible - Designed to stretch Figure 4–8

  8. A. Fibrous B. Supportive C. Fluid 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports 3 main types of connective tissue

  9. Categories of Connective Tissue Proper • Loose connective tissue: • more ground substance, less fibers • e.g., fat (adipose tissue) • Dense connective tissue: • more fibers, less ground substance • e.g., tendons

  10. Loose Connective Tissue • Highly vascularized • Functions: • Fill space • Cushion & support tissues • Store fat • Feed epithelial layers • Three types: • Areolar CT • Adipose Tissue • Reticular Tissue

  11. Loose fibrous connective tissue

  12. Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar CT

  13. Dense Connective Tissue • Poorly vascularized • Mostly fibers, little ground substance • Only fibroblasts • Location: • tendons (muscle to bone) • ligaments (bone to bone) • muscle coverings • Function: - high strength attachment - stabilize positions

  14. Dense Connective TissueDense Regular CT

  15. B. Supportive Connective Tissues • Strong framework and few cells • Function: support and shape • Mature cells in lacunae • Two types: 1. Cartilage: • gel-type ground substance • for shock absorption and protection 2. Bone: • calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals) • for weight support

  16. 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports B. Supportive connective tissue: Cartilage • Cells are in chambers called lacunae • Matrix is solid but flexible • 3 types are distinguished by types of fibers • Hyaline cartilage – fine collagen fibers Location: Nose, ends of long bones and fetal skeleton • Elastic cartilage – more elastic fibers than cartilage fibers Location: Outer ear • Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers Location: Disks between vertebrae

  17. Hyaline Cartilage  Elastic Cartilage Fibro Cartilage 

  18. B. Supportive connective tissue: Bone • Highly vascularized • Little ground substance • Matrix • solid and rigid that is made of collagen and calcium salts • Cells: Osteocytes • Located in chambers called lacunae arranged around central canals within matrix • Connected by cytoplasmic extensions that extend through canaliculi • Canaliculi: excess blood supply • Canaliculi necessary for nutrient and waste exchange, no diffusion through calcium

  19. Canaliculi Osteocytes in lacunae PERIOSTEUM Fibrous layer Blood vessels Cellular layer Central canal Matrix LM X 362 B. Structures of Bone • Osteocytes • Connected by cytoplasmic extensions that extend through canaliculi (small channels through matrix) • Canaliculi necessary for nutrient and waste exchange Figure 4–15

  20. 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports B. Supportive connective tissue:Bone • Function: • Support & Protection • Levers for movement • Storage of minerals • Compact – made of repeating circular units called osteons which contain the hard matrix and living cells and blood vessels Location: Shafts of long bone • Spongy – an open, latticework with irregular spaces Location: Ends of long bones

  21. 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports What do bone and cartilage look like?

  22. Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular componentsthat are called formed elements Function: - transport nutrients, wastes and defense cells throughout the body 3 formed elements: Red blood cells – cellsthat carry oxygen White blood cells – cells that fight infection Platelets – pieces ofcells that clot blood 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports C. Fluid connective tissue: Blood

  23. Formed Elements of Blood • Erythrocytes (RBCs): carry oxygen • Leukocytes (WBCs): defense • Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes (B and T cells), Monocytes (Macrophages) • Platelets: carry clotting factors Figure 4–12

  24. 4.2 Connective tissue connects and supports C. Fluid connective tissue: Lymph • Matrix is a fluid called lymph • White blood cells congregate in this tissue • Location: • contained in lymphatic vessels • Function: • purify and return fluid to blood

  25. 4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body 2. Muscle tissue • Allows for movement in the body • Made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called actin and myosin • There are 3 types of muscle tissue in humans: A. Skeletal B. Smooth C. Cardiac

  26. Appearance: long, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, striated fibers Location: attached to bone for movement Nature: voluntary movement 4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body A. Muscle tissue - Skeletal

  27. Appearance: branched cells with a single nucleus, striations with darker striations called intercalated disks between cells Location: heart Nature: involuntary movement 4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body B. Muscle tissue – Cardiac

  28. Appearance: spindle-shaped cell with one nucleus, lack striations Location: walls of hollow organs and vessels Nature: involuntary movement 4.3 Muscle tissue moves the body C. Muscle tissue - Smooth

  29. 4.4 Nervous tissue communicates 3. Nervous tissue • Function • Allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data and motor output • Location: • Most in brain and spinal cord: Central Nervous System • 2% in Peripheral Nervous System • Made of 2 major cell types: A. Neurons B. Neuroglia

  30. Made of dendrites, a cell body and an axon Dendrites carry information toward the cell body Axons carry information towards a cell body 4.4 Nervous tissue communicates A. Nervous tissue - neurons

  31. Cell Parts of a Neuron • Cell body: • contains the nucleus and nucleolus • Dendrites: • short branches extending from the cell body • receive incoming signals • Axon (nerve fiber): • long, thin extension of the cell body • carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

  32. A collection of cells that support and nourish neurons Outnumber neurons 9:1 Examples are oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia 4.4 Nervous tissue communicates A. Nervous tissue - neuroglia

  33. 4.5 Epithelial tissue protects 4. Epithelial tissue • A groups of cells that form a tight, continuous network • Lines body cavities, covers body surfaces and found in glands • Cells are anchored by a basement membrane on one side and free on the other side • Named after the appearance of cell layers and the shape of the cells • There is transitional epithelium that changes in appearance in response to tension

  34. Free Surface and Attached Surface 1. Apical Surface:exposed to environment, may have: • Microvilli: absorption or secretion • Cilla: fluid movement 2. Basolateral Surface:attachmenttoneighboring cells via intercellular connections Figure 4–1

  35. Classes of Epithelia • Based on shape and layers • Shape: (all are hexagonal from the top) • Squamous: flat, disc shaped nucleus • Cuboidal: cube or square, center round nucleus • Columnar: tall, basal oval nucleus Table 4–1

  36. Layers • Simple epithelium: • single layer of cells • Function: • absorption, secretion, filtration • Stratified epithelium: • 2 or more layers of cells • Function: • Protection **In stratified, name for apical cell shape**

  37. 4.5 Epithelial tissue protects How do we name epithelial tissue? • Number of cell layers: • Simple: one layer of cells • Stratified: more than one layer of cells • Pseudostratified: appears to have layers but only has one layer • Shape of cell: • Cuboidal: cube-shaped • Columnar: column-shaped • Squamous: flattened

  38. Epithelial tissue

  39. 4.5 Epithelial tissue protects Epithelial tissue

  40. 4.6 Cell junction types How are cells connected within a tissue? • Tight junctions – proteins join and form an impermeable barrier between plasma membranes in a zipper-like fashion • Prevents passage of water and solutes • Adhesion junctions – cytoskeletal fibers join between cells and have flexibility • Gap junctions – a fusion of adjacent plasma membranes with small channels between them that allow small molecules to diffuse • Allow ions to pass • Coordinated contractions in heart muscle

  41. 4.6 Cell junction types Cell junctions

  42. Glandular Epithelia For secretion, makes up glands • Endocrine glands: “internally secreting” -secrete into interstital fluid  blood -secretions = hormones -regulate and coordinate activities e.g. pancreas andthyroid • Exocrine glands: “externally secreting” -secrete into duct  epithelial surface e.g. digestive enzymes, perspiration, tears, milk, and mucus

  43. Exocrine: Types of Secretion • Serous Glands: water + enzymes - e.g. parotid salivary gland • Mucus Glands: mucin (+water = mucus) - e.g. goblet cell • Mixed exocrine glands: (serous + mucus secretion) -e.g. submandibular salivary gland

  44. Structure of Multicellular Exocrine Glands • Structural classes of exocrine glands Simple Glands = undivided tube shape blind pockets chamberlike Figure 4–7 (1 of 2)

  45. Structure of Multicellular Exocrine Glands Compound Glands = Divided tube shaped blind pockets chamberlike Figure 4–7 (2 of 2)

  46. 4.7 Integumentary system Moving from tissue to organs and organ systems • An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function • An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

  47. 4.8 Organ systems Body Cavities

  48. Body Cavities • Function: • protect organs • permit changes in size and shape of internal organs • Two Cavities: 1. Dorsal body cavity: • Cranial and Spinal Cavity 2. Ventral body cavity: • Thoracic Cavity (heart and lungs) • Abdominopelvic Cavity (“guts”- viscera) • Organs enclosed in a cavity are called viscera

  49. The Ventral Body Cavity • Includes organs of the • Respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system • Divided by thediaphragmintothe thoracic cavityand theabdominopelviccavity Figure 1–10a

  50. Ventral Body Cavity: Abdominal Cavity • Also the peritoneal cavity • Abdominal Cavity • liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, and large intestine • Kidneys and pancreas • Pelvic Cavity • Inferior large intestine, inferior urinary bladder, and some reproductive organs • Superior urinary bladder, ovaries, and uterus

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