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THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Late 1700s: Selim III’s reforms resented by janissaries, 1807 revolt 1826: Mahmud II slaughters janissaries 1838: treaty opening up trade hurts artisans

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THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

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  1. THE WEAKENING OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Late 1700s: Selim III’s reforms resented by janissaries, 1807 revolt 1826: Mahmud II slaughters janissaries 1838: treaty opening up trade hurts artisans 1839-1876: Tanzimat reforms: western style universities, transportation, communication, constitution of 1876 1878-1908: Abdul Hamid – repression; infrastructure 1908: Coup; resistance by Young Turks; troubles faced by Young Turks Loss of territory: (Greece, 1830; Serbia, 1867; Balkan territory, 1870s; threats from Russia and new Balkan states, late 1800s)

  2. THE SUEZ CANAL 1869: The Canal was inaugurated by Khedive Ismail in a lavish ceremony. French, British, Russian, and other royalty were invited for the inauguration. 1882: British troops move in to protect the canal. External debts had forced Egypt to sell its share in the canal to Britain. 1956: Egypt nationalized the canal. Britain, France and Israel invaded, and the week-long Suez War ensued. The United Nations declared the canal Egyptian property. 1967-75: After the Six-Day War in 1967, the canal remained closed for eight years. A UN peacekeeping force has been stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1974. http://www.jcsm.org/SpacePics/SuezCanel.jpg

  3. EARLY NATIONALISM IN EGYPT & SUDAN 1798: Napoleon’s invasion of Mamluk Egypt 1801: Muhammad Ali – limited reforms 1869: Suez Canal 1867-1952: Khedive rule; growing division between Islamist and secularist resistance to European presence 1882: Coup; British back Khedive; indirect control 1870s: Mahdist resistance in Sudan 1898: British victory following Battle of Omdurman Punch cartoon, 1879. The Khedive rides a donkey weighed down with debt. http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/core/pics/0254/img0056.jpg

  4. QING CHINA 1842 and 1856: China loses Opium Wars 1850s and ’60s: Taiping Rebellion 1894-95: Sino-Japanese war 1898-1901: Repressive rule of Empress Cixi; Boxer Rebellion;increased power for European and Japanese forces 1911: End of Qing dynasty; warlords; merchants Taiping Rebellion http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/fineart/zhang.html 1911: Sun Yat-sen 1912-1916: Yuan Shikai; rising influence of Japan in China 1919: May Fourth Movement

  5. EARLY INDIAN RESISTANCE 1857: An Indian soldier in the British army shot his commander for forcing Indian troops to use rifle cartridges greased with animal fat. The “mutiny” spread like wildfire and led to reinstatement of a Mughal emperor, but the Indians were defeated after six days of fighting. Within a couple of years, the rebellion was quelled throughout British India. 1858: The British government took over the reins from the East India Company in 1858. 1877: Queen Victoria crowned Empress of India Late 1800s: Indian National Congress (no mass base); “drain of wealth” theory; Hindu nationalism 1904-05: Partition of Bengal Rebellion of 1857 The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II as a prisoner

  6. NATIONALISM IN TWENTIETH- CENTURY INDIA 1893-1914: Gandhi practised law in South Africa. Appalled by the racism and discrimination there, he cameup with the idea of “passive resistance” 1919: Amritsar Massacre. British troops fired on an unarmed political gathering, killing 379 and wounding 1,200. Many young Indians took to terrorist tactics in revenge. 1920s and ’30s: Satyagraha and swadeshi Born in 1907, Bhagat Singh carried childhood memories of the Amritsar Massacre. Like many young Indians of his time, he resorted to terrorist tactics. He was hanged at the age of 23. Gandhi outside his law office in Johannesburg, 1905 http://www.suntimes.co.za/2001/11/11/lifestyle/life10.asp

  7. JAPANESE IMPERIALISM 1853-54: End of isolation 1868: Meiji era; industrialization After 1879: Cultural and social conservatism; extreme nationalism 1894-95: Sino-Japanese war 1902: Alliance with Britain 1904-05: Russo-Japanese War 1910: Annexation of Korea

  8. EUROPE By 1907: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (Britain, Russia, France) 1908: Austria annexes Bosnia-Hercegovina Women’s suffrage: since 1830s in Britain and US; 1840s demand for right to vote; WSPU 1903 1914: War breaks out

  9. http://www.war1418.com/battleverdun/battleverdun33/ A WAR OF ATTRITIONThe battle of Verdun (1916) lasted ten months. It is estimated that over 700,000 people were dead, wounded, or missing. The battlefield was not even ten square kilometers. This is a dugout at the Mort-Homme, or Dead Man’s Hill, an important lookout for Allied soldiers.

  10. http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld45.html CHEMICAL WARFAREBritish soldiers in a machine gun nest, wearing anti-phosgene gas masks

  11. Western Front, 1917Gas masks for the chemical war

  12. http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld53.html http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld44.html Left: Russian soldier hanging on barbed wire. Right: Australian soldiers in a trench in Flanders, Belgium.

  13. http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld47.html Ypres, 1917

  14. http://www.geocities.com/~worldwar1/beeld39a.html HUMAN CONSEQUENCESDaughters of Belgian soldiers who died, at an orphanage in northern France, 1917.

  15. For him the war is over. A lucky wound, 1916. Source: Images of War: 130 years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (Hamburg: STERN-Buch im Verlag Gruner + Jahr AG & Co., 1983)

  16. Faces of warBelow:Veterans of the trenchesRight:England, ca. 1918. A new face is matched upSource: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photographyby Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

  17. Hamburg, ca. 1918Teaching amputees how to walk Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

  18. Rehabilitation in GermanyA soldier who has lost his arm practices marksmanship Photo by E. Puls. Source: Images of War: 130 Years of War Photography by Rainer Fabian and Hans Christian Adam (1983)

  19. TERRITORIAL SETTLEMENTS, 1919-26

  20. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

  21. MIDDLE EAST AFTER WW1

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